城市居民用水需求影响因素研究

介绍城市居民用水需求影响因素研究的背景，定性分析城市居民用水需求的影响因素，分析城市居民用水量的影响因素计量模型。确定影响城市居民水资源需求的主要因素：水价的提高会对减少城市居民用水数量；水资源的短缺状况会显著降低城市居民用水量；城市居民家庭用水存在规模效应；城市用水人口素质越高，人均年用水量越多。得出结论：通过运用价格机制，改革用水制度，可以调动人们节约用水的积极性；采用更为节水的生产技术，会大大消除水资源供求缺口，其成本也可能大大低于调水方案。除此之外，城市居民的社会经济特征也会影响到城市居民用水量，例如家庭平均人口数以及受教育人口比例等。     

水价对中国北方城市居民用水需求影响分析

介绍城市居民用水需求变化的背景,对北方城市居民用水需求进行了预测。得出结论：水价对于减少城市居民用水需求的作用非常显著;城市化的高速发展会对城市居民用水造成巨大压力,对城市居民用水价格、用水管理手段和农业节水制度的积极改革,为解决城市居民用水供需缺口提供可能。     

External effects of neighbourhood parks and landscape elements on high-rise residential value

Neighbourhood parks provide recreation opportunities and amenity to nearby residents and improve the quality of the environment and life. Their provision and protection could be facilitated by a deeper understanding of their multiple values. The hedonic pricing method, using statistical techniques to estimate the part of a price due to a particular attribute of a commodity, assessed the external effects of neighbourhood parks on the transaction price of high-rise private residential units in Hong Kong. The empirical results derived from 1471 transactions in a district indicated that neighbourhood parks could lift price by 16.88%, including 14.93% for availability and 1.95% for view. Comparing with other landscape elements, neighbourhood parks induced the heaviest investment intention in home-buying behaviour. Harbour view attracted a premium of 5.1%, but mountain view was surprisingly not welcomed. Street view, considered as unappealing, suppressed price. Residents were insensitive to building landscape due to its ubiquity in the compact city. The scarcity of neighbourhood parks in the city has pushed their hedonic value to an exceptionally high level, providing guidance to revamp the policies, planning and management of urban greenspaces in tandem with the sustainable city quest.     

云南省城镇供水行业市场化改革的适应性分析

针对云南省地处边疆、地形复杂、经济水平发展不高、供水设施不完善等特点,结合供水行业的特性和云南省供水行业市场化改革的进程,分别从基础设施条件、政策法规以及监管保障、水价机制3个方面对云南省城镇供水行业市场改革的适应性进行相关分析,提出云南省城镇供水行业市场化改革需以较为完善的供水设施为基础、以试点探索适合云南省省情的改革模式,增强行业竞争性,积极稳妥地推进市场化改革,逐步形成市场竞争和水价形成机制。     

MARKETING AGENCIES AND THE ECONOMICS OF MARKET SEGMENTATION*

Increasing importance is being attached to market segmentation strategies as a means of increasing producer returns. In this paper, a generalised model of price discrimination without supply control is developed to analyse the implications of optimal segmentation strategies for non-homogeneous products. It is shown that the magnitude of producer returns is dependent on demand and supply conditions, with increases in returns falling as price elasticities of demand and supply increase. The model is applied to the New Zealand sheep meats industry to reveal that returns to producers from market segmentation strategies could be quite low in the long run.     

The consequences of using increasing block tariffs to price urban water

Increasing block tariffs (IBTs) are currently used to price urban water in many Australian mainland capitals and a great many cities worldwide. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the impact of the adoption of IBTs to price urban water under the common constraints of scarce supply and cost recovery. The key tools available to policymakers using IBTs are the volumetric rate in the low tier and the threshold level of that tier. This paper shows how variations in these tools influence (i) the fixed charge set by the firm, (ii) the deadweight loss from the IBT and (iii) the bill paid by customers for particular levels of demand. Our analysis suggests that IBTs are neither fair nor efficient. We propose a modification to IBTs that, while retaining their perception of fairness, results in the efficient allocation of urban water.     

Household size and residential water demand: an empirical approach*

The effectiveness of pricing policies depends on the price elasticity of consumption. It is well documented that residential demand for water is influenced by heterogeneity associated with differences in the size of the household and socioeconomic characteristics. In this paper, we focus on household size. Our initial hypothesis is that users’ sensitivity to changes in price is different depending on the number of household members. To this end, we carry out an empirical estimation of urban water demand in Zaragoza (Spain) distinguishing between households with different sizes using data at the individual level. As far as we are aware, this approach to urban residential water demand is new in the literature. The analysis suggests that all households are sensitive to prices regardless of size. A more relevant finding is that small households are more sensitive to price changes.     

期权价值对排水管网水价的影响研究

水业巨大的供需矛盾决定了城市水业的市场化方向,受制于污水处理的低产能利用率,排水管网建设成为水务发展的瓶颈。通过引入再投资管网建设工程的期权价值,构建了考虑期权价值的水价模型,得出的修正临界水价低于传统净现值模型得出的水价,形成的理论分析成果为排水管网建设工程的合理水价确定提供理论依据和支持。     

刍议我国森林资源的市场化保护

对我国森林资源现状进行了分析,认为现阶段我国森林资源的保护应侧重从市场化角度入手。建立反映市场供求状况和资源衡缺程度的价格形成机制,通过产权激励和灵活的竞争实现多层次林业投资渠道,推动森林资源及环境服务的市场化改革,建立森林资源开采、流转、使用评估体系等都是值行推荐的改革措施。     

岳城水库供水管理中存在的问题与对策

作为水利工程供水体系的重要环节,做好供水管理,对缓解水资源供需矛盾和保障供水安全起着至关重要的作用。基于对岳城水库供水现状的分析,对水利工程供水管理中存在的问题及成因进行了深入的探讨,提出了深刻理解做好供水管理工作对流域经济社会可持续发展的重要意义,以及规范用水秩序、提高岳城水库的供水保障能力,加快水价调整、促进节约用水和水资源合理配置,实行科学水价制度、保障工程效益的发挥的对策建议,以期实现流域水资源的可持续利用和经济社会的可持续发展。     

PPP水利工程供水价格机制研究

日渐突出的水资源供需不平衡,已成为中国经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素。水价的杠杆作用是调节政府供水经营者用水户三方利益的重要手段,制定科学合理的水价有利于鼓励社会资本参与水利基础设施的建设,促进水资源优化配置和节约用水、保障用水户用水需求。在通过PPP物有所值评定测算的前提下,既充分考虑用水户的支付意愿和承受能力,又考虑供水经营者的成本补偿和合理收益,探究目前中国PPP模式下水利工程的水价核算情况。目前中国PPP模式下供水价格机制有所创新,但动态调整机制尚有不足。价格听证制度不断完善但公众参与程度仍需加强。     

我国城市污水处理回用现状与发展趋势

从城市污水处理回用的利用量、政策制度、回用技术等方面梳理我国城市污水处理回用发展现状,提出我国城市污水处理回用存在的问题,即:体制机制不顺,政策法规缺失,资金投入不足,企业经营困难,管网配套不足,政府认识不足,公众参与度低。从城市污水处理回用的市场需求、价格体系、进水水质、出水水质、技术革新及工艺进步五个方面分析我国城市污水处理回用的发展趋势。     

滨海缺水城市海水淡化全成本分析——以华能威海电厂为例

随着滨海城市的快速发展,常规的地表水、地下水已远远不能满足社会经济的发展。以华能威海电厂为例,基于全成本理论,构建海水淡化全成本分析模型,分别从资源成本、工程成本、外部性成本展开核算,从有用性价值和稀缺性价值考虑资源成本,工程费用和前期投入费用计入工程成本,运用污染物当量法测算海水淡化对生态影响,计算得出威海市华能电厂海水淡化水全成本为7.166元/m3,其中资源成本为0.123元/m3,工程成本为6.597元/m3,外部性成本为0.446元/m3。对比目前自来水水价和外调水水价,淡化水不存在明显的价格优势。但因为其水量稳定、水质安全等特性,未来在城市供水系统中仍存在一定的应用潜力。最后为提升淡化水在纳入滨海缺水城市供水系统方面的竞争力,提出了相关政策建议。     

基于不同住房属性视角的土地供应规模对房价的影响

研究目的：基于住房消费品和投资品的双重属性视角分析住宅用地供应规模对房地产市场的差异化影响。研究 方法：理论分析、固定效应面板回归模型、门槛回归模型。研究结果：（1）上一年住宅用地供应面积增加 1% 可使当年 住房竣工面积显著增加 0.17%,弱于房地产投资资金对住房竣工面积所产生的 0.25% 的提升作用,该结果一定程度上 验证了住宅用地供应与住房供给之间存在生产函数渠道的影响路径;（2）基于实际房价与租金还原房价的偏离程度测 算,发现不同房地产市场投资热度下,住宅用地供应对房价影响存在双重门槛效应,门槛值分别为 2.05 和 2.92;（3）低 投资热度下,上一年住宅用地供应规模的增加可显著降低当年的房价,而高投资热度下则会起到推高房价的作用。研 究结论：住房作为消费品和投资品,存在不同的价格机制和供求规律。当住房市场以投资品属性为主导时,需求曲线 向上的刚性走势违反了一般的商品需求规律,供给曲线的右移将导致均衡价格越来越高。     

水价对南京市用水的影响

为合理利用水资源,发挥水价的价格杠杆作用,分析了水价对南京市农业用水、工业用水和居民生活用水的影响,以及南京市居民对水价的承受能力,提出了适应南京市节水型社会建设要求的水价管理建议:建立农业用水的激励和补偿机制;加强对工业自备水源企业的监管;加大公共供水企业成本约束;审慎推进城市供水价格改革。     

Price elasticity of water allocations demand in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District*

Bid prices for the demand and supply of water allocations between 2001 and 2007, and average monthly prices paid for water allocations from 1997 to 2007 in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District are analysed to estimate price elasticities. Based on bid prices, the price elasticity of demand for water allocations appears highly elastic, with elasticities strongly influenced by the season and drought. The price elasticity of supply for water allocations is also elastic, albeit less elastic than demand. Using actual prices paid, water demand is negatively related to price and is inelastic, and appears to be most influenced by demand the previous month, drought and seasonality factors.     

Rural-urban gradient analysis of ecosystem services supply and demand dynamics

Urban regions are important places of ecosystem service demands and, at the same time, are the primary source of global environmental impacts. Although there is broad agreement on the importance of incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into policy strategies and decision-making, the lack of a standardized approach to quantifying ecosystem services at the landscape scale has hindered progress in this direction. Moreover, tradeoffs between ecosystem services and the supply/demand ratio of ecosystem services in urban landscapes have rarely been investigated. In our paper, we present a method to quantify and map the supply and demand of three essential provisioning services - energy, food, and water - along the rural-urban gradient of the eastern German region Leipzig-Halle. This urban region has experienced significant socio-economic dynamics and land use changes since the German reunification in 1990. The results show that both the demand and the supply of ecosystem services changed considerably during the time span under consideration (1990-2007). We identified an increasing supply/demand ratio of food and water but a decreasing supply/demand ratio of energy. In addition, the pattern of ecosystem demands shows a levelling of rural-urban gradients, reflecting profound modifications of traditional rural-urban relationships. The changes of ecosystem service supply gradients are determined more by land use intensity, such as the intensification of agricultural production, than by land cover changes such as urban sprawl. The comparison of supply/demand ratios and rural-urban patterns of ecosystem services can help decision-makers in landscape management in striving for a sustainable balance between resource supply and demand.     

茶籽油供需影响因素与弹性分析

依据经济学的需求和供给的基本原理,首先从价格、收入、替代品的价格及可获得性、消费者偏好和购买者数量等因素对茶籽油市场需求特性进行分析;其次从投入品价格、技术进步、相关物品的价格、政府政策和气候条件等5个方面对茶籽油供给特征进行深入剖析;然后,对茶籽油需求价格弹性、需求收入弹性和供给价格弹性进行分析;最后提出相应的政策建议。     

Water pricing policies,public decision making and farmers' response: implications for water policy

The problems caused by water scarcity demand important changes in the criteria and objectives of water policies. The agricultural sector in Spain consumes up to 80% of all available hydric resources and the need to increase the efficiency of current uses of water in the agricultural sector is at the core of the country's national water policy. One alternative would be to resort to water pricing policies with the aim of providing incentives to save water consumption although it would inflict a certain degree of income losses to the farmers and raise the revenue collected by the water authorities. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect caused by the application of different water pricing policies on water demand, farmers' income and the revenue collected by the government agency. To undertake this analysis a dynamic mathematical programming model has been built that simulates farmers' behavior and their response to different water pricing scenarios. Empirical application of the model has been carried out in several irrigation districts in Spain covering varied farm regions and river basins. Results show that the effects of alternative pricing policies for irrigation water are strongly dependent on regional, structural and institutional conditions and that changing policies produce distinct consequences within the same region and water district. Thus, equivalent water charges would create widespread effects on water savings, farm income and collected government revenue across regions and districts.     

海水淡化进入城市供水的定价策略研究

针对我国海水淡化进入城市供水存在的水价偏高问题,系统研究了海水淡化水定价需要考虑的内外部影响因素,综合分析产水成本、合理利润及社会接受度等因素,从考虑海水淡化厂合理收益和用户接受水平两个维度开展海水淡化对外供水的定价方案研究,提出科学采取多种成本控制措施、进一步降低海水淡化成本、建立畅通的淡化水购销渠道、完善水资源价格形成机制、制定海水淡化水价补贴政策等价格策略和建议。