我国海产品质量安全可追溯体系建设问题研究

海产品质量安全可追溯技术是控制海产品质量安全的有效技术手段,2010年以来,海产品质量安全追溯体系建设以试点形式在我国沿海省市逐步展开,在基础研究、试点建设、溯源技术及法律法规方面已初见成效。但在可追溯体系建设过程中仍存在问题,为进一步深化海产品质量安全追溯体系的建设,建立长效机制,建议扩大产品覆盖范围,丰富追溯查询渠道;建立统一的海产品质量可追溯查询平台;建立与完善海产品质量安全可追溯制度的相关法律法规;制定海产品安全可追溯技术标准;探索有效管理模式和HACCP、GMP、GHP等质量管理体系结合;建立海产品供应链可追溯示范制度以及加强海产品可追溯的知识宣传工作。     

农产品电子商务发展研究

促进农产品电子商务发展是农业现代化建设的重要途径,对打赢脱贫攻坚战、推进乡村振兴具有重要意义。从农产品和电子商务契合的特点入手,分析了发展农产品电子商务的实际意义,探讨了我国农产品电子商务发展中面临着冷链物流体系不完善和品牌短缺等问题。提出了完善物流体系建设,加强农产品标准化和品牌化建设,培养现代化农民和相关技术人才等建议,以促进农产品电子商务持续健康发展。     

浙江舟山鲜活海产品流通模式分析

鲜活海产品由于自身的特点及属性,对产品在流通过程保鲜、贮藏、卫生等都有较高的要求,然而由于舟山海产品流通体系还未健全,存在着在流通过程时间长,损失大、效率低、物流技术落后等问题,极大的增加了海产品流通成本.论文对舟山现存的海产品流通模式进行了梳理,在此基础上,提出了构建鲜活海产品流通模式的有效建议,建议指出,针对舟山鲜活海产品的特点,应创新流通渠道;培育渔业专业化合作组织;大力发展第三方物流企业;建立健全质量安全保障体系及加强对流通专业人才培养等.     

澳大利亚多元化农业推广体系特色及其评价

本文对澳大利亚多元化农业推广体系进行了客观的分析和评价,认为其特色在于涉农企业在推广服务中发挥日益重要的作用、以群体推广为基础、重视农民能力建设和电子信息服务,并指出了其优点与不足,为我国完善以政府为主导的多元化的推广体系建设提出相应建议。     

海产品冷链管理研究 ——以福州开发区东盛水产有限公司为例

海产品冷链管理是指海产品在生产、贮藏运输、销售到消费前的各个环节始终处于规定的低温环境下,以保证海产品质量和性能的一项系统工程。本文以福州开发区东盛水产有限公司的海产品冷链管理为例,对海产品冷链管理进行深度剖析并提出相应的优化建议。     

我国中小企业应用电子商务困境分析

中小企业作为我国市场经济的主体,与电子商务的结合能够有效克服中小企业经营过程中的诸多障碍和不足。但目前我国中小企业电子商务的应用仍处于初级阶段,不管是外部环境层面还是企业内部层面都存在很多问题。本文从政府、企业、第三方电子商务平台等方面着手,对中小企业应用电子商务方面提出一些建议。     

发展跨境电子商务 推进新疆外贸转型

新疆传统对外贸易规模不大,市场多集中在周边各国,近年更遭遇进出口贸易"双降"的不利局面,而跨境电子商务却一直处于蓬勃发展的上升期。作为"丝绸之路经济带"核心区,新疆跨境电子商务发展使得新疆外贸向综合服务型、消费者驱动型、交易低成本型、全球大市场型和人才需求综合型等方向转变,给新疆传统外贸带来了诸多积极影响,但仍然存在管控风险大、人才缺乏、外贸发展模式落后和跨境电子商务平台建设不完善等问题。基于此,文章从政府扶持、建立跨境电子商务中心、加强信用体系和担保交易体系建设、建设物流通道和俄语系电子商务人才等方面提出依托跨境电子商务发展转变外贸发展的合理化建议。     

吉林省电子商务发展现状及对策分析

随着我国互联网及电子商务等信息技术的飞速发展,电子商务与实体经济的融合成为我国新的经济增长点,在引导生产、促进消费、扩大就业等方面发挥着重要的作用,逐步成为促进经济发展的新动力和转型升级的新引擎。近年来,吉林省委、省政府高度重视电子商务发展,主动顺应电子商务发展大潮,大力实施"互联网+"行动计划,出台了一系列政策措施,加快电子商务发展,取得明显成效。但同时也应看到目前电子商务所面临的困境,本文相应地提出了一些对策建议。     

“互联网+”背景下农业电子商务发展初探

运用"互联网+"模式,将农业产业与电子商务结合,能够促进农村经济增长、提高农民经济收入和助推农业转型升级。但受多种因素影响,在发展农村电子商务中不可避免地遇到一些问题,如基础设施不完善、人才优势较弱、政府扶持力度不大等。发展农业电子商务,必须重点做好:加强网络基础设施建设;重视网络人才队伍建设;培养农民的网络消费习惯;加大政府扶持力度。     

我国经济林产业发展问题分析与对策研究

结合已有文献和多个省市地区案例,对我国经济林产业发展现状和存在的问题进行了战略层面的分析,结果表明:我国经济林产业发展迅速潜力巨大,但是存在着知识产权维护体系不完善、规模化程度偏低、产品分级不严格、标准化建设缺失、政府职能划分不清晰、产业间衔接不足等问题。针对当前发展现状,提出了加大研发投入、创新知识产权维护机制、全面推进标准化建设、从生产要素和市场需求层面解决规模化困境、顶层设计科学规划、加强部门合作等建议。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.