国外流域生态补偿制度的比较与启示

正核心提示生态补偿是以保护和可持续利用生态系统服务为目的、以经济手段为主调节相关利益关系的制度安排。流域作为完整的地理与生态系统区域,是探索实施生态补偿的最佳单元,能有效解决相邻区域、上下游与更高层次上经济发展与生态保护问题。本文梳理分析了国外流域生态补偿的理论基础、实践特征与制度差异,提出了我国多元化生态保护补偿机制建设面临的挑战与相关建议。     

我国牧区草原生态补偿机制构建研究

［目的］通过构建一套科学、合理的牧区草原生态补偿机制,解决牧区近10年来主要实施的一系列生态治理项目和措施中存在的草原生态补偿标准普遍偏低、政策缺少灵活性、监管体系不够完善、缺乏相应保障机制等问题。［方法］通过对国内有关草原生态补偿机制相关文献分类梳理,基于我国牧区草原生态环境现状,对比分析国内外实践,总结国外成功经验,定性分析补偿机制要素,对草原生态补偿机制进行全面、系统地分析论述。［结果］我国牧区草原生态补偿主体应以各级政府为主; 补偿对象应包括牧区牧民、草原生态环境保护的投资者和建设者以及牧区地方政府; 因保护草原生态环境而导致牧区和牧民的发展权受限由此产生的机会成本作为草原生态补偿标准; 补偿方式以中央财政纵向转移支付为主,以市场补偿为辅的组合模式。保障机制需完善法律法规、公众参与、监督管理、绩效评估等方面建设。［结论］我国牧区草原生态补偿机制的构建须对补偿责任主体、补偿范围、补偿标准、补偿方式及补偿保障机制等各要素要进行整体性、系统性深入分析,才能确保草原生态补偿机制能够满足牧区实际需求,提供有力保障。     

完善我国生态补偿机制:理论、实践与研究展望

建立生态补偿机制是我国一项十分迫切的任务。本文简要回顾了生态补偿机制理论研究进展,归纳了我国生态补偿机制的主要研究对象、重点内容以及主要观点,对我国生态补偿政策实践中存在的主要问题进行了评述。在此基础上,从完善我国生态补偿机制的角度,提出新时期需要深入研究的关键领域以及需要着力解决的问题。     

我国秸秆综合利用政策创设研究

秸秆用则利、弃则废,秸秆焚烧不尽浪费资源而且带来严重的环境污染与社会危害等问题。文章首先简要分析欧美等世界农业发达国家的秸秆计划焚烧政策和秸秆利用主导方式,结合我国秸秆综合利用试点和秸秆利用生态补偿制度创设试点,探索我国秸秆利用生态补偿制度框架的构建与相关政策体系的建立;同时,为进一步推进我国秸秆全域全量利用,提出扩大农作物秸秆利用生态补偿制度实施范围、优化农作物秸秆利用区域生态补偿机制、建立健全农作物秸秆利用生态补偿政策和引入农作物秸秆利用生态补偿评估机制等四项建议。     

林业生态补偿机制研究综述

目前在林业生态发展中,存在一些比较突出的问题,主要是由于生态效益补偿机制不健全等因素导致的,因此要不断完善补偿机制,使林业生态补偿机制在生态林业发展中发挥巨大作用。研究与分析了林业生态补偿机制,找出存在的问题并不断完善,以供参考。     

我国农作物秸秆利用生态补偿制度探索与实践

目的 农作物秸秆综合利用通过生态系统内物质循环实现养分高效利用。系统总结国内外秸秆利用补偿政策,可为创设适合我国秸秆综合利用的生态补偿政策提供借鉴与参考,调动各方开展秸秆利用的积极性,促进生态的可持续发展。方法 文章通过分析国内外秸秆利用补偿政策,系统梳理秸秆利用生态补偿方面的研究与探索实践,对我国秸秆利用生态补偿制度的创设提出针对性建议。结果 我国秸秆综合利用政策正在逐步完善,初步形成了一定的政策框架体系。但与发达国家相比,我国主要通过行政手段推进农作物秸秆综合利用,参与主体和方式较为单一,需结合法律、政策和经济手段,构建一种市场化的生态补偿机制。结论 建议我国在未来的秸秆还田生态补偿工作中,要建立利益驱动和政策导向机制,加强政策法规建设、扩大补偿内容、完善配套支持政策、开展多形式宣传引导,推动秸秆利用高质量发展。     

美国湿地缓解银行制度对我国生态补偿的启示

湿地缓解银行是美国实现市场化湿地生态系统保护补偿的有效方式,在运作过程中通过湿地"信用"的交易实现对湿地生态系统损害的事前补偿。这一类似我国耕地占补平衡的制度,使得开发商能够直接购买"信用"完成补偿要求从而获得开发许可,湿地银行建设者以专业的技术和充足的资金建设湿地"信用"并通过交易获益,政府部门通过制定政策法规和监管制度,调动了第三方资本与技术参与生态补偿的积极性,实现了生态补偿目的。启示:为建立市场化的生态补偿机制,我国应继续夯实相关制度和法律基础,制定更加科学合理的生态补偿标准和考核评估制度,建立生态补偿和保护长效机制,积极引入第三方资本和技术,营造良好的生态补偿市场化氛围。     

退耕区“后补贴时代”亟待解决的问题及对策研究——基于京津张经济、技术合作基础上的分析与思考

2007年国务院下发了<关于完善退耕还林政策的通知>,意味着退耕还林进入了"后补贴时代"."后补贴时代"的补偿目的主要是巩固退耕还林成果,仍然以财政直接补贴为主,这种生态补偿机制有其局限性,不能从根本上巩固生态成果.补偿机制仍需要完善.本文以冀西北(张家口)为例,针对亟待解决困扰生态成果巩固的贫困、人口两大问题,立足于京津张各地优势资源,利用经济政策刺激京津等地资金、技术向冀西北转移,带动冀西北工业化和城市化发展,促进农村人口向城市和工业转移,减轻人口对生态的压力和破坏力,进而巩固退耕还林成果.     

耕地横向生态补偿机制研究现状与构建设想

耕地资源是保障国家粮食安全和维护生态系统平衡的重要自然资源,耕地横向生态补偿机制作为调节区域间耕地生态保护责任主体经济生态效益的制度安排,是新时代我国实现耕地三位一体管护的重要举措。文章在梳理耕地生态补偿的概念和研究现状基础上,针对耕地横向生态补偿领域存在的理论研究有待加强、生态价值核算方法不统一、补偿资金来源单一等问题,从补偿主客体、补偿原则、补偿方式、补偿标准及核算方法等四个方面提出了耕地横向生态补偿机制的构建设想,指出进一步健全理论框架、统一生态价值核算方法、丰富补偿资金来源和分配方式将是未来耕地横向生态补偿的发展方向。     

绿色发展理念下农业生态补偿机制的优化分析

优化农业生态补偿机制是落实绿色发展理念的关键环节,对促进农业农村绿色发展、维护社会公平正义与稳定具有重要的现实意义。本文深入分析现阶段我国农业生态补偿政策中存在的主要问题,并以问题为导向,围绕落实绿色发展理念、生态补偿标准设计、拓宽农业生态补偿筹资渠道等方面,进一步提出优化农业生态补偿机制的策略,以促进我国绿色生态农业的深入发展。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.