Elderly consumers and financial choices: A systematic review

The purpose of this paper is to investigate elderly choices and behaviors in financial services markets. A systematic review of a five-decade period (1970–2019) of academic research in the marketing field was carried out in order to identify elderly consumers’ decisions regarding financial asset management and legacy, highlighting the main findings of extant research and practical implications for marketers. Results shed light on financial asset management in terms of welfare, retirement planning, and investments for old age, as well as legacy practices in terms of special possessions, charities, and rites of passage. The study underlines the need to consider the heterogeneous nature of elderly consumers’ values and lifestyles in designing strategies for financial services and products, emphasizing that demographic differences alone are not adequate to effectively define market segments. Furthermore, the role of mixed marketing approaches considering elderly choices are discussed, together with implications for companies that want to target such consumer target.

     

Personal bankruptcy and consumer credit delinquency: The case of personal finance education

Given the increasing complexities of the financial markets as well as a shift away from employer/government sponsored pensions to individuals managing their retirement funds, personal finance education is an important tool in order to navigate the evolving and complex financial environment. In this paper, I examine the impact of personal finance education on credit delinquency. Prior studies show that financial literacy affects financial decisions such as savings, retirement planning, wealth accumulation and stock market participation. Using U.S data on personal bankruptcy and consumer credit delinquency rates, I show that personal finance education is important in reducing personal bankruptcy as well as consumer credit delinquency rates. Furthermore, personal finance education does not appear to moderate the impact of gambling legislation on personal bankruptcy or consumer credit default.     

消费金融资产证券化与系统性风险管理研究

在强大的市场需求和金融科技支持下,消费金融公司自正式试点以来呈现良好的发展态势,其中资产证券化成为消费金融公司的重要融资方式。资产证券化在助力消费金融公司增资扩容、改善流动性和提高运营稳健性的同时,也促使消费金融行业风险高并导致诉讼案件的增加。本文基于捷赢个人消费贷款资产支持证券的经验证据,明确了消费金融创新、消费金融风险与金融市场系统性风险管理之间的内在联系,揭示可以通过大数据精准获客、规范催收行为和智能风险防控等措施为消费金融市场发展保驾护航。因此,针对消费金融资产证券化,政府应制定专门的政策法规以强化风险管理,不断完善消费金融资产的监管机制,借助系统性风险管理来规避套利和资金风险,进而促进消费金融资产证券化的稳健有序发展。     

Making ends meet: How will the elderly manage their finances and post-retirement expenses?

Americans over the age of 50 control over half of the country's discretionary income and 75 per cent of all personal assets. As Americans live longer, the number of mature consumers in the United States is making a marked increase. Recently, researchers have focussed their attention on this market segment, looking at a variety of consumer behaviour issues. As this segment of consumers is becoming increasingly large, academicians and practitioners who study the consumer behaviour of older consumers search for ways to better segment and target this market. The present study adds to the current body of knowledge by investigating the financial services patronage preferences and post-retirement spending plans of this market, focusing on differences between various segments.     

The theoretical underpinnings of government policy,turbulence and performance in the service sector: a conceptual framework

The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework to study the relationship between host country government policy, market and technological turbulence, competitive intensity and export marketing performance in the financial services sector using Dunning’s (J Int Bus Stud 11(1): 9–31, 1980) eclectic paradigm. A literature review is used to define and set out the main conceptual framework and propositions for further research. A better understanding of the factors that contribute to export marketing performance success in the financial services sector is provided. The managerial implications of such a study would be to provide important knowledge or understanding for international business practitioners in the financial services sector. Such a study could also confirm the role that host country governments play in the performance of export ventures in the financial services sector and could make financial services exporters aware of the significance of environmental turbulence and its impact in the global market place.     

The influence of marketing communications strategy on consumer purchasing behaviour in the financial services industry in an emerging economy

The financial services sector is characterised by a high level of consumer perceived risk and irrational behaviour in decision-making, which is predominantly influenced by the effect of communication and the application of heuristics as a function of communication in consumer decision-making. This situation promotes marketing communication as one of the most essential activities that financial institutions rely on to mitigate the perceived risks and to satisfy consumers’ quest in understanding financial products. Hence the importance of this research is to establish the effects of marketing communication on consumer purchasing behaviour in emerging economies that are experiencing expanded financial markets but limited corresponding research insight. To achieve the aim of this study, the research uses data from 360 customers of selected financial institutions in Ghana. The hypotheses are tested using the structural equations modelling technique. The results of the study reveal marketing communication strategies evaluated have positive and significant impacts on consumer purchase behaviour. However, amongst the marketing communication strategies tested advertising and celebrity endorsement were found to have an insignificant relationship with consumer purchase behaviour. The study offers practical and theoretical insights into understanding the dynamics and nuances of the integrated marketing communication mix and how they influence the purchase behaviours of consumers.

     

A review of consumer decision-making models and development of a new model for financial services

It is recognised that existing theories of Consumer Decision Making (CDM) are not well suited for financial services and there have been calls for development of a new conceptual model. This article reviews prominent models of CDM and identifies strengths and limitations. A new conceptual model that is applicable to financial services is developed. An important element of the model is the recognition that the components interact rather than a consumer following a linear progression through a series of stages. The new model better reflects the iterative decision-making process relevant to financial services and enhances marketers’ understanding of the process and thus their ability to influence it to increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for all. The model has three main components: inputs, processes and outcomes. Inputs include the purchase situation (contextual and environmental variables), consumer characteristics (psychological and social influences) and information sources (marketing mix and interpersonal). Processes include need arousal, information utility, criteria development and evaluation of alternatives. Outcomes include the decision (that may be to abort the purchase), the purchase itself and post-decision evaluation. Further research is required to test the relationships between the variables in different contexts, and thus enable refinement and/or validation of the model.     

聚合营销与我国商业银行传统营销方式的变革

随着我国加入WTO和外资银行的准入,我国金融市场格局发生了深刻变化,市场参与者越来越多,新的金融产品和营销方式层出不穷,许多传统金融产品开始出现结构性的有效需求不足,使过去长期存在的银行服务卖方主导地位发生变化.本文针对目前我国商业银行存在的营销弊端,如指导理念落后、营销体系冗叠、营销方式单一、缺乏有效激励机制及未形成真正市场定价机制等状况,从一个全新角度引入"聚合营销"理论,设计了我国商业银行实施这种新型营销方式的具体步骤,从而提出商业银行实施聚合营销的三点方略,即客户与产品的聚合、促销与沟通的聚合以及管理与组织的聚合.     

权力导向型监管:美国消费金融监管的经验与启示

权力导向型监管模式有利于矫正市场的力量对比失衡,建立长效稳定的外部监督机制。从金融消费者教育、市场环境净化和非正式制度向正式制度演变的现实需要来看,权力导向型监管具有正当性。美国监管经验表明:良好的消费信用监管与权威意志紧密相连,并以完善信用基础设施、监管科技和法律闭环为监管要义。中国消费金融监管面临着威慑有余、手段欠佳和监管滞后的现状。优化监管决策的信息供给、完善监管方式、创新监管出路等方式,有助于改良监管权力的配置和运行程序,重构中国消费金融的监管格局。     

金融教育是有效的吗?

2008年国际金融危机以来,金融教育备受关注。然而,学术界对于其效果并未达成共识。本文选取清华大学中国金融研究中心2012年调查数据,辅助以CHFS2015年调查数据,利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)和工具变量法(IV)等模型实证考察了金融教育对我国居民金融行为的影响效果,研究发现：相对于未接受过金融教育的家庭,接受过金融教育家庭资产组合的分散化程度更佳、夏普比率更高;他们更有可能制定理财规划,且制定理财规划的年限更长;当权益受损时,他们更懂得寻求帮助。进一步地,随着社会互动水平的提高,金融教育的优化效果会更大。因此,在构建现代金融体系背景下,应扎实推进金融教育普及工作,全面提升居民金融素养,助力实现共同富裕。同时,针对群体互动特征实施更加多样化的金融教育方案,不断强化金融教育的总体效果。     

Getting the most out of advertising and promotion

Until recently, believing in the effectiveness of advertising and promotion was largely a matter of faith. Despite all the data collected by marketing departments, none measured what was really important: the incremental sales of a product over and above those that would happen without the advertising and promotion. Thanks to a qualitatively new kind of marketing data, that situation is changing. "Single source" data correlate information on actual consumer purchases (available from universal-product-code scanners used in supermarkets and drug-stores) with information on the corresponding television advertising those consumers receive or on the promotion events they see. This allows managers to measure the incremental impact of advertising and promotion and to improve marketing productivity. To take advantage of the new single-source data, however, managers have to throw out much of the conventional wisdom about advertising and promotion that has grown up over the years. They must learn how to evaluate marketing differently by continually examining the appropriate balance between advertising and promotion. They must also train their sales force to do a different and extremely important job: to demonstrate to retailers the consumer pull of the company's advertising and promotion programs, as well as the effect of these programs on retailer profitability.     

Consent to direct marketing in the financial services sector

The development of communications technology in recent years has led to an expansion in ‘cold calling’, particularly as a means of selling financial services. While encouraging new entrants into the market and thereby increasing consumer choice and competitive prices, this is often viewed as an infringement of personal privacy. This paper attempts to reconcile the complex legal framework that has been put in place to restrict the use of unsolicited direct marketing and to show how, through the use of a carefully drafted data protection notice, the direct marketing of financial services may be conducted lawfully.     

The impact of relative information quality of e-commerce assurance seals on Internet purchasing behavior

WebTrust assurance was introduced jointly by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) with much fanfare in the late 1990s. Since then, the WebTrust product has not experienced significant market penetration despite providing the highest level of information quality among seals available in the Internet seal market. One reason often given for its poor market penetration is that consumers are unable to differentiate between the information quality of different Internet seals. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of this explanation. Marketing theory related to consumer risk is used to provide a conceptual foundation for hypotheses related to consumer preferences for Internet seals in general and high information quality seals in particular. The results of the study fail to find consumer interest in a low information quality seal, but did show a strong effect related to preference for a high information quality seal. Unexpectedly, however, these results were not related to buyers' risk propensities.     

Trust in financial services: the influence of demographics and dispositional characteristics

So far, very little attention has been paid to examining consumer perceptions of trust from an interdisciplinary perspective. The purpose of this study is to examine how consumer trusting belief and disposition to trust within the financial services sector vary on the basis of individual demographic differences in trust. The research provides new insights into how consumers with higher dispositional trust have higher institutional trust and higher trusting belief and how consumers’ trusting belief significantly differs according to their demographic background in terms of age, marital status, ethnicity and gross annual income. The findings offer useful insights for the managers in financial institutions to carefully consider the impact of the influence of these individual differences on consumer behaviour in order to serve the needs of consumers in their target market and be able to design financial products and develop trust building strategies to attract and retain them. They also call for the action of the regulators and the financial institutions to play their part in building strong institutional systems that contribute to engendering higher levels of consumer trust.     

论金融消费者保护的“横向适度”与“纵向适度”

加强对金融消费者的保护是对国际金融危机的主要反思结论,怛同时又要警惕保护过度和保护失度对金融机构、金融消费者自身、金融行业所带来的负面影响。在进行金融消费者保护的具体制度设计时必须把握好保护的“度”,做到横向适度与纵向适度。金融消费者保护的横向适度就是要实现全面一般保护与特殊群体特殊保护之间的平衡,实行金融消费者保护的差异化,区别对待不同金融消费者。金融消费者保护的纵向适度就是要寻求加强金融消费者保护与推动金融创新之间的平衡,治理金融排斥与控制低端金融市场无序发展之间的平衡。     

Stock Market Development and Long-Run Growth

Is the financial system important for economic growth? One lineof research argues that it is not; another line stresses theimportance of the financial system in mobilizing savings, allocatingcapital, exerting corporate control, and easing risk management.Moreover, some theories provide a conceptual basis for the beliefthat larger, more efficient stock markets boost economic growth.This article examines whether there is a strong empirical associationbetween stock market development and long-run economic growth.Cross-country growth regressions suggest that the predeterminedcomponent of stock market development is positively and robustlyassociated with long-run economic growth.     

The distance marketing of consumer financial services directive

The EU directive on the distance marketing of consumer financial services (the DMD) was adopted in September 2002 bringing financial services in line with other retail sectors. This paper begins with an analysis of the principal substantive provisions of the DMD before considering the obligations it places on member states to ensure its substantive provisions are enforceable in national law and that an adequate system of redress is available to consumers. The paper then summarises the path taken by the DMD through the European legislative machine and analyses how the DMD will facilitate the integration of a European single market in financial services while striking an essential balance between the rights of the consumer and the rights of financial services providers. In the final part, consideration is given to how the DMD will be implemented by member states. In particular, attention is directed to the overall impact the DMD is likely to have on the marketing of financial services in the UK and how HM Treasury and the Financial Services Authority aim to harmonise domestic law with the DMD.     

高校财务风险诊断研究——基于高等教育产品的视角

高校财务风险诊断对于帮助高校提高风险意识,加强其财务风险管理,推动我国高等教育事业的发展有着重要的现实意义。本文从高等教育产品的视角分析高校财务风险的形成机理,提出高校财务风险与高等教育产品生成过程中的活动及风险管理相关,具体表现为共同性风险、日常性风险和投资性风险三类。并以某高校连续两年的财务状况为例,通过风险弹性以及敏感性分析进行财务风险诊断并据以提出相应的改进建议。     

以创新带动传统信贷业务市场拓展

本文通过分析当前国内金融市场现状并借鉴国外金融市场发展经验,认为银行传统信贷业务仍然具有良好的发展前景,在未来一定时期内仍将是企业融资的主渠道,是银行开展其他金融服务的基础和平台,并且结构将适应经济结构变化不断优化.针对近年来银行传统信贷发展面临的资本约束、金融脱媒和利率市场化等冲击,提出了以创新手段带动银行传统信贷业务和市场拓展的观点,即以理念创新重新定位传统信贷业务市场,以价格创新应对资本约束和利率市场化,以科技创新优化传统信贷发展模式,以产品创新和流程创新解决传统信贷难点,以营销创新推动信贷市场拓展,以手段创新加强信贷风险管理.