Ownership and technical efficiency of microfinance institutions: Empirical evidence from Latin America

By using stochastic frontier analysis, this article examines the technical efficiency of different types of microfinance institutions in Latin America. In particular, it tests whether differences in technical efficiency, both intra- and interfirm, can be explained by differences in ownership. With a focus on non-governmental organizations, cooperatives and credit unions, non-bank financial intermediaries, and banks, the data set contains 1681 observations from a panel of 315 institutions operating in 18 Latin American countries. The results show that non-governmental organizations and cooperatives have much lower interfirm and intrafirm technical efficiencies than non-bank financial intermediaries and banks, which indicates the importance of ownership type for technical efficiency.     

建立农业银行市场化清收机制的构想

文章研究建立农业银行市场化清收机制问题。     

Loan growth and bank risk: new evidence

This study provides new evidence on the relationship between abnormal loan growth and banks’ risk-taking behavior using data from a rich panel of Colombian financial institutions. We show that abnormal credit growth during a prolonged period leads to an increase in banks’ riskiness, accompanied by a reduction in solvency and an increase in the ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans. We also show that abnormal credit growth played a fundamental role in the bank-failure process during the late 1990s financial crisis in Colombia. Our results have important implications for financial regulation and macro-prudential policy.     

不断壮大的对外投资:中国经济增长的新动力

2015回顾:低迷经济中的一枝独秀 过去五年间,中国经济年均增长率约为7.4%,而中国对外直接投资年复合增长率却高达16.9%.中国国内经济增速的放缓以及海外投资相对的低成本使更多中国企业积极通过海外并购寻求增长动力.2015年,密集释放的政策红利和迫切的转型升级需求推动中国企业掀起新一轮出海热潮,中国对外直接投资在经济增长乏力的阴霾下再创历史新高.     

亚行帮助建立健全湄公河环境治理体系

亚行将改变货币规则以帮助优惠性借款者 亚行正改变其货币管理方式,以帮助那些优惠性"亚洲开发基金"(ADF)的借款者.亚行将废止当前"亚洲开发基金"多达15种货币的基金管理方法,引入一种基于"特别提款权"(SDR)的新方法.     

Deflation,bank credit growth,and non-performing loans: Evidence from Japan

In this paper, I examine the link between bank credit growth and non-performing loans in an economy with deflationary pressures. Using panel OLS regressions and two-step GMM regressions, I find evidence for the time-varying relationship between bank credit growth and non-performing loans in a sample of 82 publicly listed commercial banks in Japan during the period 1993–2013. I show that bank credit growth positively correlates with non-performing loans prior to the onset of the global financial crisis of 2007 but negatively correlates with non-performing loans afterwards. I find evidence to support the notion that large banks drive the observed effects of credit growth on non-performing loans. In addition, credit growth and non-performing loans have no effect on profitability. Overall, the findings suggest that while the increase in the supply of bank loans increases the level of non-performing loans, it does not lead to higher profitability.     

Announcement effects of convertible bond loans and warrant-bond loans: An empirical analysis for the Dutch market

This study investigates the announcement effects of offerings of convertible bond loans and warrant-bond loans using data for the Dutch market. The event study analysis shows that announcement effects of convertible bonds are associated with positive but insignificant abnormal returns and that announcements of warrant-bonds are associated with significant positive abnormal returns. These findings are similar to the results for Japanese hybrid debt, as reported by Kang et al. (1995) (Kang, J.K., Kim, Y.C., Park, K.J., Stulz, R.M., 1995. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, pp. 257–270) and Kang and Stulz (1996) (Kang, J.K., Stulz, R.M., 1996. Review of Financial Studies, pp. 109–139), but they contrast with studies for the United States that generally find significant negative abnormal returns for convertible bond loans and insignificant negative abnormal returns for warrant-bond loans. Our results cannot be attributed to differences in the corporate governance structures of the Netherlands and the United States. We find that the positive abnormal returns for the warrant-bond loans are caused by the packaging of the announcements with other (good) firm-specific news.     

Gold loans in the Australian gold mining industry: Do gold loans allow gold producers to increase leverage?

This paper tests the hypothesis that gold producers exhibit greater leverage where gold loans are used. As the choice of gold producers and the study period essentially avoids debt tax shield effects, the paper focuses on information asymmetry and agency costs explanations for leverage. Theory suggests hedging can reduce the cost of debt but it has little impact if management is not committed to adopting the promised hedging policy. The implicit hedge in gold loans commits management to hedging and so greater leverage is expected for producers adopting gold loans. Results from the analysis are consistent with this hypothesis.     

The Federal Home Loan Bank system: Cause or cure for disintermediation?

The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system issues bonds in order to obtain funds for savings and loan associations during periods of disintermediation. A question has arisen as to whether the FHLB actually causes additional disintermediation by its bond issues. Although this concern has been examined before statistically, with a connection found between FHLB borrowing and disintermediation, no explicit attention has been devoted to the possibility that such a statistical relationship may reflect a causality relationship in which disintermediation is the cause and FHLB borrowing the effect rather than the reverse. This study utilizes a simultaneous equation model and estimator to examine such two-way causality and finds it exists but that substantial disintermediation is caused by FHLB borrowing even after correcting for simultaneous equation bias.     

Effects of subsidized home loans on housing decisions and efficiency in Japan: Tradeoff between quality and quantity

First, we will present a microeconomic model of Japanese housing demand based on the Japanese home financing system. The focus of the model will be on the tradeoff between housing quality and quantity. We will derive the owner-occupied housing user cost of capital for several different subsamples. The unique feature of the model is the use of nonlinear budget constraints. Next, we will try reduced form estimation based on a composite housing demand model and a characteristic housing demand model. Estimation results indicate that those who do not receive funds from the JHCL are more price-elastic and more income-elastic for composite housing demand and floor demand. Recipients of JHLC funds have more price-elastic demand for quality as they compensate for institutional constraints on their selection of floor space. Finally, we will estimate the effect on housing demand if JHLC loan interest rates are not classified by the size of a house but are adjusted to the private loan rate and if the JHLC lends funds based on the market value of the house. We will also calculate the excess burden for each household created by the present JHLC home financing policy. Households distort their housing consumption by overconsuming quantity and underconsuming quality.     

一种以房养老的贷款方式 :住房反抵押贷款

反抵押贷款最早起源于美国，在最近几年得到了飞速发展。它是居民以自有产权的住房作为抵押，定期向金融机构取得的主要用于养老费用的贷款。反抵押贷款将不动产转化为流动资产，对于改善老年人的生活质量起到了很大的作用。     

如何获得EDC贷款支持

得知加拿大有一个EDC,而且在中国很活跃,记者带着浓厚的兴趣,采访了EDC中国部经理南爱丽女士.她说一口流利的中文,细一打听才知道,南爱丽1990年到香港,在香港中文大学学了1年的中文,1991～1995年在驻北京一家加拿大公司工作,一边工作,一边学中文,现在她在北京担任EDC中国部经理.     

亚行首次对华提供政策性贷款,支持首都地区治理空气污染

亚洲开发银行(简称:亚行)已批准为中国提供一笔总额为三亿美元的政策性贷款(PBL),这是亚行首次向中国提供政策性贷款,旨在帮助中国解决长期困扰首都及周边地区的空气污染问题.通过减少该地区的煤炭使用,这些举措也将有助于中国政府实现其在《联合国气候变化框架公约》第21次缔约方会议中承诺的温室气体减排目标.     

Changes in ownership structure: Conversions of mutual savings and loans to stock charter

This study analyzes both the causes and effects of mutual S&L conversions to corporate charter. Changes in technology and government policies have substantially increased S&L competition, riskbearing, and potential scale and scope economies. Evidence indicates that these changes have decreased the relative operating advantages of mutual S&Ls, encouraging conversions to stock charter. The S&L's financial and operating characteristics, which affect the success of the conversion effort, are also explored.     

亚行11亿美元贷款支持河内至昆明的公路建设

亚洲开发银行将向越南提供11亿美元贷款,用于建设一条244公里（151英里）的现代化公路,该公路将连接越南河内与中国边境城市老街。这笔贷款也是迄今为止亚行批准的单笔融资金额最高的项目。目前,从中国的昆明到河内,客车需要行驶两天时间,     

印度小额贷款危机对中国的启示

本文回顾了印度小额贷款危机的发展及其产生的影响,分析了印度爆发小额贷款危机的原因.在此基础上,比较了中印两国小额贷款模式的差别,并指出了印度小额贷款危机对中国的启示.     

Accounting for Convertible Loan Stock: A Decomposition Approach

This paper examines the accounting treatment of convertible loan stock (CLS), a popular vehicle for raising finance during the past decade. At present, CLS is treated as part of a company's borrowing with the interest charge thereon deducted in arriving at the pre-tax profit in the profit and loss account. The Technical Committee of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (1987) has proposed that the annual interest charge in the profit and loss account relating to CLS be adjusted so that the charge reflects ‘a fair interest cost’ and that the adjustment be treated in the balance sheet as a ‘payment received for an option’. To date that guidance appears to have been ignored by UK companies. Our approach is different from that of the Technical Committee. We recommend that the accounting treatment of CLS should reflect its economic substance and argue that it be decomposed into two components: a straight bond component and a component which offers the holder an option to convert into equity. The straight bond component should be shown as part of a company's borrowing and the conversion option component as part of the shareholders' funds. The different approaches to accounting for CLS are illustrated by means of a case study.