知识溢出的局域性与地区经济增长不平衡性探讨

知识溢出促进收益递增是新经济增长理论的一个中心议题,目前对该领域的研究已经从理论和经验研究转向对知识溢出的地理性关注,这说明知识溢出、创新行为的地理集聚与经济发展的不均衡性之间的关系越来越受到关注.本文从知识溢出的不同类型、知识溢出的空间维度、知识溢出的地理机制及结构条件等角度,分析知识溢出的局域性特征对地区经济增长的不平衡性影响.     

知识溢出视角下区域创新活动的空间集聚研究

本文从知识溢出的视角探讨了我国区域创新活动的空间集聚现象.首先,分析了我国创新活动的区域分布格局,计算其空间集聚度,并通过Moran'sⅠ指数检验证实了我国区域创新活动确实具有空间相关性;其次,构建含知识溢出的创新知识生产函数,并通过空间面板计量方法进行实证研究.结果表明:相邻地区之间的知识溢出以及各省市的科技经费、人员投入的差异是引起创新活动集聚的重要原因;其中,知识溢出效应随地理距离衰减,这也从侧面解释了我国创新活动的空间集聚现象.     

中国长三角区域FDI城际溢出效应研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章采用空间面板模型,分析了FDI在中国长三角区域是否存在城际溢出效应。结果表明:长三角内部存在城际溢出效应,同时区域内也存在着较激烈的竞争;此外,人力资本、产业聚集、土地成本也使得FDI在区域内具有比较优势。20世纪90年代后半期,随着各地基础设施等硬环境的逐步改善,引资策略的重点开始转变为营造投资的软环境;进入21世纪以来,地方政府的引资战略应及时转换,充分利用FDI的聚集效应提高中国吸引外商直接投资的效率。     

基于知识溢出的国际贸易环境技术效应研究

传统贸易环境技术效应研究忽略了对外贸易知识溢出对环境的影响。本文对经典环境库兹涅茨曲线嵌入知识溢出变量,基于非物化型知识空间溢出属性将其在空间维度扩展成非线性结构,检验对外贸易知识溢出环境技术效应的空间差异性及环境污染与经济增长关系的空间二分性。结果表明:环境污染与辖域内、外经济增长同时构成倒U型关系,但人均收入水平还未逾越能激发清洁生产技术自主创新的"拐点";对外贸易知识溢出的环境技术效应具有显著的空间差异性,其中辖域内物化型知识溢出引致的生产规模效应大于非物化型知识溢出引致的资源集约效应,辖域内贸易环境技术效应为负;非物化型知识跨区域溢出在辖域以外的其他地区引致资源集约效应,辖域外贸易环境技术效应为正。本文建议发展中国家应注重利用对外贸易知识溢出改善环境质量。     

产业集聚、知识溢出与工业经济增长——基于空间面板模型的实证研究

本文运用空间面板模型对我国产业集聚的知识溢出效应与工业经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,我国工业经济增长在相邻地区之间存在负向的空间相关性,地区工业发展不仅与本地知识溢出、资本投入和劳动投入密切相关,而且会受到其相邻地区工业经济增长的显著影响;MAR溢出性和Jacobs溢出性对本地工业经济增长的影响均显著为正,并且产业专业化的促进效应大于产业多样化,在本地工业发展中Porter溢出性并不显著,但相邻地区的产业竞争程度对本地工业经济增长产生了正向作用.     

农产品贸易研发知识溢出:基于Coe-Helpman模型在空间维度扩展后的实证研究

农产品贸易既能给进口地带来种质资源等物化型显性技术,又能带来农业管理经验等非物化型隐性知识,而隐性知识还可以对农产品进口地以外其他毗邻地区产生后续空间溢出。考虑到隐性知识这一线性模型当中的空间遗漏变量,本文将国际研发知识溢出的线性研究范式Coe-Helpman模型扩展为非线性结构空间模型,基于中国31个省市区1999-2011年面板数据的实证检验结果显示:农产品贸易知识不仅对进口地农业全要素生产率产生了显著的首次溢出效应,而且其隐性知识对进口地以外其他毗邻地区农业全要素生产率也产生了显著的二次溢出效应,且二次溢出效应高于首次溢出效应。     

区际知识溢出不对称、产业区位与内生经济增长

本文在空间经济学相关模型的基础上加以拓展,分析区际知识溢出不对称对产业区位及长期经济增长率的影响机制。不同区域知识资本存量、吸收能力不同,使区际知识溢出呈现不对称特征,直接影响区域新资本创造成本,引致长期经济增长率出现差异。区域本身知识积累存在溢出效应,而且可以获取区外的知识溢出。空间因素在知识创造与知识溢出过程中具有重要作用。知识溢出效应的强度随距离衰减,对于毗邻区域,越是邻近知识创造中心的区域,获得的知识溢出效应就越强,但同时还受到自身吸收能力的制约。对于知识资本禀赋不具优势的区域来说,增强自身对区际知识溢出的吸收能力、充分开展与创新中心的合作,将会提高经济增长率,进入循环累积的正反馈过程。     

区域知识溢出的集群效应研究

通过对知识溢出区域空间演化过程的分析,认为受自然地理因素和经济地理因素影响的知识溢出是集群效应产生的动力源泉。利用空间距离聚集度指标,对区域企业集群知识溢出的形成、集群分布及集群强弱和范围进行深入研究。研究表明:知识的空间根植性决定了知识溢出倾向于在一定空间实现区位极化。企业的地理集聚和区域知识溢出之间存在正向互动作用。     

服务业集聚、空间溢出与经济增长质量--基于中国省际空间面板杜宾模型的经验研究

本文基于2000－2013年中国省际面板数据,采用空间杜宾模型研究服务业集聚及其空间溢出对经济增长质量的影响,发现多样化服务业集聚对本省份和邻近省份的经济增长质量作用为正,服务业内竞争对本省份的经济增长质量影响不显著,但对邻近省份具有负作用,专业化集聚对本省份和邻近省份的影响均不显著;稳健性分析表明以上结论稳健且东部地区在服务业集聚提升经济增长质量方面具有区位优势。针对可能存在的空间分割,以各省会为圆心、每20 km或10km 进行累加形成距离带并对空间溢出进行估算,表明服务业集聚的空间溢出存在空间边界。     

国际研发知识溢出:货物贸易还是服务贸易——基于非物化型知识空间溢出视角的对比

线性结构的Coe-Helpman模型只能测度货物贸易的物化型知识溢出效应。本文基于非物化型知识的空间属性将线性结构的Coe-Helpman模型在空间维度扩展为具有非线性结构的Coe-Helpman-Durbin模型,用于对比研究货物贸易与服务贸易的非物化型知识空间溢出效应。基于中国31省1992-2011年面板数据的检验结果表明:货物贸易与服务贸易非物化型知识的首次溢出均未能提升贸易进口地的全要素生产率、技术进步率和技术效率;但服务贸易非物化型知识的二次溢出却提升了进口地以外其他地区的全要素生产率、技术进步率和技术效率;而货物贸易非物化型知识的二次溢出仅提升了进口地以外其他地区的技术效率。     

Clusters,knowledge spillovers and new venture performance: An empirical examination

Firms in geographic regions with industry clustering have been hypothesized to possess performance advantages due to superior access to knowledge spillovers. Yet, no prior studies have directly examined the relationship between a firm's location within a cluster, knowledge spillovers and firm performance. In this study, we examine whether technological spillovers explain the performance of new ventures in cluster regions. We find that ventures located within geographic clusters absorb more knowledge from the local environment and have higher growth and innovation performance, but contrary to conventional wisdom, technological spillovers are not the contributing cause of higher performance observed for these firms.     

Knowledge spillovers and high-impact growth: Comparing local and foreign firms in the UK

This paper is concerned with entrepreneurial high-impact firms, which are firms that generate ‘both’ disproportionate levels of employment and sales growth, and have high levels of innovative activity. It investigates differences in the influence of knowledge spillovers on high-impact growth between foreign and local firms in the UK. The study is based on an analysis of data from UK Innovation Scoreboard on 865 firms, which were divided into ‘high-impact firms’ (defined as those achieving positive growth in both sales and employment) and low-impact firms (negative or no growth in sales or employment). More precisely, the paper investigates the influence of knowledge spillovers on high-impact growth of foreign and local firms, from regional, sectoral and firm size perspectives. The findings suggest that (1) firms’ access to regional knowledge spillovers (from businesses and higher education institutions) is more significantly associated with high-impact growth of local firms in comparison to foreign firms; (2) because knowledge spillovers are more likely to occur in high-tech sectors (compared to low-tech sectors), firms in high-tech sectors are more associated with high-impact growth. Nonetheless, the relationship is stronger for local firms compared to foreign firms; (3) because small firms have greater need for knowledge spillovers (relative to large firms), there is a negative relationship between firm size and high-impact growth, but the negative relationship is greater for UK firms in comparison to foreign firms. Implications are drawn for policy and research.     

Revisiting the external impact of MNCs: An empirical study of the mechanisms behind knowledge spillovers from MNC subsidiaries

The majority of studies of knowledge spillovers from the presence of multinational corporations (MNCs) have focused on whether or not, rather than how knowledge spillovers occur from MNC subsidiaries to local host country firms. Using survey data from 210 MNC subsidiaries in Sweden, a composite model is developed examining the impact of two different environmental conditions on the occurrence of knowledge spillovers arising from innovation transfer within MNCs. We distinguish between horizontal knowledge spillovers (i.e., to competitors) and vertical knowledge spillovers (i.e., to customers and suppliers), and emphasise the conceptually important distinction between the two. The former are largely unintentional by nature whereas the latter can be considered as intentional knowledge diffusion. The results show that competitive pressure in the recipient subsidiary's local environment gives rise to unintentional knowledge spillovers, whereas it is negatively related to intentional knowledge diffusion. The results also support the notion that the degree of embeddedness of in a subsidiary's business network in the host country is positively related to intentional knowledge diffusion. An important finding of the study is that there is a positive relationship between intentional knowledge diffusion and unintentional knowledge spillovers.     

Domestic vs. International Spillovers: Evidence from Swedish Firm Level Data

This paper investigates the association between total factor productivity growth and the R&D expenditures of Swedish manufacturing firms in the presence of domestic- and international R&D spillovers. The paper assumes that the principal channel of transmission of new technology is through I/O relations. Econometric evidence suggests that international as well as domestic inter-industry R&D spillovers are important determinants of firms’ productivity growth in the long run. The R&D spillovers generated within the industry and following I/O links seem to be of minor importance in explaining productivity growth. It seems likely that within-industry productivity spillovers follow other channels than I/O flows, such as horizontal spillovers through copying of new products and processes, or labour turnover. The use of a convergence parameter is one way to check for such within-industry technology flows. Our results indicate that a catch-up process exists by which the non-frontier firms in the Swedish manufacturing sector absorb knowledge spillovers from the leading firms in the industry. Finally, a firm’s own R&D efforts are found to be more or less positively correlated with the TFP growth, maybe the contribution from R&D efforts in some sense are underestimated.     

The Two Faces of R&D: Does Firm Absorptive Capacity Matter?

This paper examines the dual effect of firm R&D efforts on productivity growth for Swedish manufacturing firms. The R&D efforts do not only stimulate innovation but also enhance firms?? ability to identify, assimilate and exploit new knowledge from the environment (Cohen and Levinthal. Economics Journal 99:569?C596, 1989). In this paper, we assume that the principal channel of transmission of new knowledge is through I/O linkages. Our econometric evidence suggests that in addition to the firm??s own R&D activities, R&D spillovers embodied in traded goods within the industry, others imported from abroad, and technology spillovers transferred from the technological frontier within an industry are important determinants of firms?? productivity growth. Results suggest that domestic R&D spillovers following the I/O links between industries are of minor importance in this respect. We also analyze whether firms?? absorptive capacity matters for productivity growth. Analyzing absorptive capacity is particularly important for assessing the effective contribution of spillovers from other firms. The effect of a firm??s absorptive capacity is found to interact positively with imported R&D spillovers, whereas domestic rents spillovers seem to play a minor role for productivity growth.     

空间视角下的洛伦茨曲线、可持续发展观与零增长理论

洛伦兹曲线、可持续发展观与零增长理论主要关注“公平”的时间维度，缺乏对空间维度的解析。基于新经济地理学的研究方法，引入空间因素并对三者的传统意义进行再诠释，可期寻求三者内在统一性和新涵义，以丰富和补充其理论构架。在此基础上，应用赋予空间属性后的理论对长江流域进行分析发现，流域开发面临经济发展和环境保护的两难选择。     

我国对外直接投资的逆向技术外溢效应研究

本文选取我国对外直接投资比较集中且技术水平比较发达的九个国家(地区),利用我国和九国(地区)对外直接投资与技术创新的投入产出数据,测算我国的全要素生产率、母国和东道国的研发资本存量,实证分析了我国直接投资到这些国家(地区)所产生的逆向技术外溢程度。研究结果表明,我国通过对外直接投资渠道获得的国外研发资本存量能给母国带来正的技术外溢效应,只是由于我国对外直接投资相对吸引外资而言发展缓慢,因而其技术外溢效应相对较低。     

Does FDI Spur Productivity,Knowledge Sourcing and Innovation by Incumbent Firms? Evidence from Manufacturing Industry in Estonia

Does FDI affect knowledge sourcing activities, innovation and productivity growth of domestic firms? This study employs firm‐level panel data from Estonia’s manufacturing sector to investigate different channels through which FDI affects domestic firms. Based on instrumental variables approach, I find no evidence of an effect of FDI entry on local incumbents’ short‐term productivity growth. However, there is positive association between the entry of FDI and the more direct measures of spillovers. FDI inflow to a sector is associated with more knowledge flows to domestic firms and increase in their innovation activities.     

The missing pillar: the creativity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship

Knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and the prevailing theory of economic growth treat opportunities as endogenous and generally focus on opportunity recognition by entrepreneurs. New knowledge created endogenously results in knowledge spillovers enabling inventors and entrepreneurs to commercialize it. This article discusses that knowledge spillover entrepreneurship depends not only on ordinary human capital, but more importantly also on creativity embodied in creative individuals and diverse urban environments that attract creative classes. This might result in self-selection of creative individuals into entrepreneurship or enable entrepreneurs to recognize creativity and commercialize it. This creativity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship is tested utilizing data on European cities.