工资规制下劳动供给变动引起的福利损失

随着我国最低工资制度的实施,由其引发的失业问题、资源配置不合理等现象随之发生。最低工资制度是否能够真正达到保护低收入劳动者、消除贫困的目的,一直以来都存在着争议。本文通过构建理论模型分析劳动供给变动引起的额外福利损失,将劳动者保留工资的异质性因素纳入到传统模型之中,进而计算出工资规制下劳动供给变动引起的额外福利损失。最低工资制度的的推广以及最低工资标准的调整需要谨慎进行,应在尊重市场基本规律的前提下,将政策的重点放在改善劳动力市场供求关系上,同时逐步减少最低工资标准调整的次数,尽量使工资接近市场的均衡水平,从而降低限制劳动价格引起的多重损失。     

我国经济增长同失业关系的探讨

失业率的上升,不仅关系到国家经济的长期发展,也关系到人们的日常生活,是社会安定的关键影响因素之一。近年来,我国在积极进行现代化建设的过程中,机械化水平不断提升,大批劳动力失去了就业岗位,造成我国社会失业率的上升。然而经济增长同就业率之间具有紧密的联系,经济的增长可以为我国劳动者提供大批的工作岗位,从而降低就业率,反之则将导致就业率的上升。就业率问题是关系到国计民生的重大问题,在这种情况下积极加强我国经济增长同失业关系的探讨具有重要意义。     

经济一体化、产业分工与失业

本文建立了产业分工架构,分析工业国家非技术劳工工资与失业问题。产业分工程度内生决定于经济一体化(即市场扩大)型态:在一体化市场内,若技术劳动成长率大于非技术劳动增幅,制造业产业分工程度将加深;反之,产业分工程度降低。产业分工程度加深促使非技术劳工工资上升、失业率下降,并未如预期会威胁工业国家非技术劳工。值得注意的是,既使产业分工程度加深、非技术劳工失业率下降,亦可能出现非技术劳工失业量上升现象。     

全球化条件下基于交易费用的企业制度效率以及企业家精神的一般均衡分析

文章从交易成本和专业化的视角,通过构建瓦尔拉斯一般均衡分析模型来讨论全球化条件下竞争性市场中“企业家精神(Entrepreneurship)”的演化和角色.研究指出,如果全球化条件下竞争性市场中的企业家精神是有效的,那么当从劳动分工中获得的收益超过具有固定学习成本的不同专业模式个体之间的交易成本时,劳动分工的网络效应就会被充分利用.因此,全球化条件下竞争性市场中的企业家精神可以通过扩大范围来提升总生产率,并且权衡劳动分工对总生产率的网络效应与交易成本.文章认为在经济转型过程中,对商业参与者而言,企业家精神是经济发展和提高企业竞争力的关键因素.除此之外,全球化水平和变动系数以及总交易效率系数的提高会促进劳动分工水平、参与者的人均实际收入水平和福利水平的提升.     

农民工低工资率与国民福利损失的经济学分析——对经典劳动供给理论的拓展

文章通过融入了劳动供给的生理约束条件的多时期模型对经典劳动供给理论进行了拓展,并分析了农民工工资决定中的多重均衡,以此说明了当前我国外资企业中农民工工资过低的国民福利损失及农业剩余劳动转移完毕之前农民工《最低工资法》的经济合理性。     

就业干预政策下工资增长机制研究

充分就业作为我国宏观经济政策的重要目标一直广受关注。基于我国就业优先实践经验构建政府介入劳动市场和就业干预情景下的工资增长模型,运用1980-2019年社会保障和就业数据对该模型进行实证分析。研究结果表明：政府积极就业干预政策在经济增长率较高的情况下对工资增长产生显著影响,而在经济增长率较低的情况下不会对工资增长产生显著影响;只有同时综合考虑货币工资增长率、通货膨胀率和就业干预力量,才能判断货币工资的增加是否真正代表了现实中实际工资的增加。平衡的宏观经济政策可能更有利于保持工资性收入的持续增长,进而有利于提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重和实现共同富裕。     

城市舒适性与住宅价格、工资波动的区域性差异——对1999-2006中国城市面板数据的实证分析

文章构建城市舒适性与住宅价格、工资理论关系模型,利用1999-2006年城市面板数据进行实证分析,结果发现:城市舒适性对住宅价格和工资的影响效应具有明显的区域差异性,其中东部地区的影响效应要高于西部地区.由于住宅价格和工资之间不会因城市舒适性的差异而相互进行补偿,表明我国住宅市场和劳动力市场的溢价发现与调整机制还不健全,这两个市场尚有进一步完善的空间.为实现本地区住宅市场和劳动力市场的稳定发展和城市居民福利水平的最优化,地方政府在制定经济发展政策和城市发展政策时应充分考虑这种差异性.     

“新农保”对农村老年人劳动供给及福利的影响

文章基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的两期面板数据,采用差分-断点方法,系统实证评估了我国“新农保”对农村老年人劳动力供给、消费及主观福利的影响.研究结果显示:(1)“新农保”对农村总消费及耐用品消费增长有正向作用,但统计不显著;对食品、衣着、保健、医疗及其他非耐用品的消费基本没有影响.(2)农村老年人劳动供给决策和劳动供给时间不受“新农保”政策的影响.(3)“新农保”对反映心理健康的抑郁指数没有任何作用.(4)农村男性和女性老年人的劳动供给决策、劳动供给时间及抑郁指数也没有因为“新农保”而产生变化.其原因可能在于“新农保”这种补助强度不大的外部干预政策难以在短期内对老年人的劳动供给及福利产生影响,这也恰恰说明就提高农村老年人的福利而言,“新农保”制度建设仍然任重道远.     

制度变迁降低市场分割程度了吗?——基于沪港通实施效果的实证研究

股票市场分割的主因是各种制度性障碍,我国证券监管部门推出的沪港通实质上是一种降低市场分割的制度安排.虽然沪港通开通后两地市场出现了长期稳定的均衡关系,但两市价格引导关系以及时变相关系数等均没有显著的提升,甚至略有下降,这表明两市一体化程度并没有提高,市场分割程度也没有降低.同时这也说明在市场发展水平差距较大,以及其它约束条件存在的情况下,仅仅依靠某项制度壁垒的消除可能未必会达到理想的效果.当前两市走势稍许背离的最直接原因主要是沪港两市资金的非对称流动.     

岗位系数工资制在钻井企业的应用

一、岗位系数工资制的特点实行岗位系数工资制 ,其职工工资水平要根据职工是否被组合 (聘任 )上岗 ,以及职工在劳动组织岗位要求的技能高低、责任大小、劳动强度和劳动条件等因素确定 ;其工资构成由岗位工资、工龄工资、奖励 (效益 )工资三个工资单元组成。岗位工资体现岗位劳动差别 ,相当于传统意义上的固定工资 ,约占工资额的 33.5 % ;工龄工资体现职工积累劳动贡献 ,约占工资额的 6 .5 % ;奖励效益工资体现职工所在单位经济效益和个人超额劳动报酬 ,约占工资额的 6 0 %。根据中原油田钻井四公司的实践结果来看 ,岗位系数工资制有以下主要…     

Migration and imperfect labor markets: Theory and cross-country evidence from Denmark,Germany and the UK

We investigate the labor market effects of immigration in Denmark, Germany and the UK, three countries which are characterized by considerable differences in labor market institutions and welfare states. Institutions such as collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection and unemployment benefits affect the way in which wages respond to labor supply shocks, and, hence, the labor market effects of immigration. We employ a wage-setting approach which assumes that wages decline with the unemployment rate, albeit imperfectly. We find that the wage and employment effects of immigration depend on wage flexibility and the composition of the labor supply shock. In Germany immigration involves only moderate wage, but large unemployment effects, since immigrants are concentrated in labor market segments with low wage flexibility. The reverse is true for the UK and Denmark.     

WELFARE MEASUREMENT,INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT,AND HETEROGENEITY

This paper concerns welfare measurement in an economy with union wage setting, where the equilibrium is characterized by unemployment. Contrary to results derived in the first best, the current value Hamiltonian is not an exact welfare measure in an economy with unemployment. Instead, the welfare measure also depends on “employment effect,” which are caused by the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market. In addition, since unemployment gives rise to heterogeneity, distributional effects will also characterize the welfare measure.     

Flexible and Committed Profit Sharing with Wage Bargaining: Implications for Equilibrium Unemployment

We analyze the relationship between profit sharing, employee effort, wage formation and unemployment under different relative timings of the wage and profit sharing decisions. The optimal profit share under commitment exceeds that under flexibility, because through a profit share commitment the firm can induce wage moderation. The negotiated profit sharing depends positively on the bargaining power of trade union and it has both effort-enhancing and wage-moderating effects. Higher profit sharing is shown to reduce equilibrium unemployment under ``sufficiently rigid' labor market institutions, but it can harm employment when labor market ``rigidities' are ``small enough'.     

Wage bargaining, labor-tax progression, and welfare

This paper analyzes the effect of labor-tax progression on employment and welfare in an economy with a unionized labor market. The government influences wage bargaining through its tax policies. Wages can be reduced by increasing the marginal labor-tax rate. If there are no restrictions on profit taxation, a first-best optimum with full employment is realized; this first-best optimum can always be implemented by a progressive tax schedule. If profit taxation is restricted, unemployment may arise. For this case, we show that the welfare-maximizing degree of tax progression is influenced by a variety of factors, in particular the wage elasticity of labor demand, the distribution of bargaining power, and the existence of unemployment benefits. Examples are given for both progressive and regressive tax structures. Comparative-static analysis reveals that a decline in union bargaining power, an increase in unemployment benefits, and an increase in the overall work force reduce the efficient degree of tax progression.     

Employment effects of stabilization policies

This paper studies the effects of a stabilization program based on a reduction in the devaluation rate in an optimizing model with capital controls, minimum wages for unskilled labor, an informal sector, and public production of intermediate inputs. Perfect mobility across sectors of the unskilled labor force prevents the emergence of unemployment for that category of labor, but skilled unemployment prevails in equilibrium. The analysis highlights the role of endogenous labor market segmentation in assessing the wage and employment effects of stabilization policies.     

The Welfare and Employment Effects of Centralized Public Sector Wage Bargaining

In many countries, the government pays almost identical nominal wages to workers living in regions with notable economic disparities. By developing a two‐region general equilibrium model with endogenous migration and search frictions in the labor market, I study the differences in terms of unemployment, real wages, and welfare between a regional wage bargaining process and a national one in the public sector. Adopting the latter makes residents in the poorer region better off and residents of the richer region worse off. Private sector employment decreases in the poorer region and it increases in the richer one. Under some conditions, the unemployment rate in the poorer region soars.     

Unemployment and product market competition in a Cournot model with efficiency wages

This paper analyzes the impact of product market competition on unemployment, wage and welfare in a model where unemployment is caused by the efficiency wage consideration and oligopolistic firms compete in quantity. It is shown that while more intense competition in the product market increases output and reduces price, it does not necessarily lead to a lower unemployment rate or a higher wage for workers. Depending on the technologies, the relationship between the intensity of competition and the level of employment (respectively, wage, welfare) is not always monotonic, and, in some instances, has an inverted U‐shape.     

Corporate profit tax,firm entry with unemployment,and income inequality

In this paper, we provide a general equilibrium analysis of corporate profit tax on income distribution, unemployment, and wage inequality. With firm dynamics in industrial sector, we identify a new channel through which profit tax affects income and wage inequality: profit tax cut will widen not only the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor, but also exacerbate the wage inequality of unskilled labor among different sectors. The welfare effect of profit tax cut depends on unemployment deepening (labor-distortion effect) and more manufacturing firms enter the market (business-creation effect), eroding the market share of incumbent firms (business-stealing effect).     

The nature of unemployment in segmented labor markets

In a segmented labor market, if the total supply of labor is variable, some of the resulting equilibrium unemployment is involuntary, in the sense that it consists of workers with reservation wages below the lowest offered wage.     

二元经济结构下最低工资的就业效应研究——基于劳动力市场的视角

现阶段我国整体就业形势不容乐观,分析最低工资对就业的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过对我国劳动力市场分割条件下最低工资的就业效应进行实证分析发现,最低工资对竞争性行业劳动力市场（城市二级劳动力市场）就业有显著的正面影响,对行政垄断行业劳动力市场（城市一级劳动力市场）就业的正面影响则很小。因此,根据我国劳动力市场的具体情况,合理设置最低工资标准有利于促进就业。