大学外语学习策略模式探讨

长期以来,在大学外语教学中教师比较重视知识的传授,而忽视对学生学习策略的传授。国内外有关外语学习策略的研究表明,成功的语言学习者比不太成功的语言学习者使用的策略多,而且使用的频率更高。所以教师在传授知识的同时,应加强对学生学习策略的培养,对大学英语学习过程中学习策略及策略模式进行探讨。     

浅谈外语教学中的语言学习策略

本文将概要介绍近几十年来国外一些研究人员在外语学习策略方面的具有代表性的研究成果,并提出在外语学习策略的培养上教师的作用。     

关于英语学习中一些策略的探讨

学习过程中,掌握一些学习策略,可以产生事半功倍的效果.国外的一项研究表明,获得成功的外语学习者有一些共同的特点,他们能够充分利用或创造有利的学习方法和策略,更善于利用学习策略,因此,学习策略对于学好英语至关重要.     

论社会情感策略在英语语法教学中的应用

人们一致认为语言的学习方式基本有两种,即自然语言习得和正规课堂语言学习.在自然环境中习得的知识蕴藏于学习者的潜意识中,可以被学习者自然而然地运用于交际中;在课堂语言学习中要使用教学大纲编写的教材,运用相应的教学方法,有步骤,有系统地传授所学语言知识,并组织学生完成设计好的练习,对于大多数外语学习者来说,语言学习主要是在课堂中进行的,难免使学习者带着完成任务的态度去学习外语,有时效果不理想,这就需要运用各种学习策略.学习策略指学生为了有效地学习和发展而采取的各种行动和步骤.一般说来,英语学习的策略包括认知策略、调控策略、交际策略和资源策略等.认知策略是指学生为了完成具体学习任务而采取的步骤和方法;调控策略是指学生对学习进行计划、实施、反思、评价和调整的策略;交际策略是学生为了争取更多的交际机会、维持交际以及提高交际效果而采取的各种策略;资源策略是学生合理并有效利用多种媒体进行学习和运用英语的策略.人们对上述学习策略了解较多,在教学过程中使用的也较多,但对于学习策略中的社会情感策略则重视不够,很有深入探讨的必要.     

国外地区品牌理论研究综述

本文分别从地区品牌与地区品牌化的概念、地区品牌结构、地区品牌模型、地区品牌定位、地区品牌化的战略管理过程、地区品牌的沟通策略等六个方面对已有的关于地区品牌的研究文献进行了系统的回顾，并从研究的视角、研究的方法和研究的主要内容三个方面对当前国外地区品牌理论的研究现状进行了评述。     

非英语专业学生外语学习动机的培养和激发

为全面了解我国非英语专业大学生外语学习的动机,本研究试图从多个视角来探讨我国非英语专业大学生外语学习动机的构成情况,并提出了一些培养和激发外语学习动机的方法。     

非英语专业大学生学习动机的培养和激发

为全面了解我国非英语专业大学生外语学习的动机,本研究试图从多个视角来探讨我国非英语专业大学生外语学习动机的构成情况,并提出了一些培养和激发外语学习动机的方法.     

高职教育会展专业人才培养模式创新性研究

高等职业教育会展专业人才需要具备会展策划、会展营销、会展设计等方面的核心知识和技能,还要了解会展活动在策划、营销、设计、服务各个不同阶段的工作重点、策略、方法和技巧。高职会展专业教育要以市场为导向,注重能力培养,要以项目训能力,将与会展相关的岗位任务化,分析所需的知识、能力、素质要求,并根据会展专业特色定位,实现会展人才的培养。     

财务困境实证研究中的配对问题探讨

公司财务困境预测实证研究在我国才刚刚起步，在样本选取的方法上还不完善，基本上都是采用配对抽样，影响到抽样的随机性以及造成过度抽样带来样本的选择性偏差。通过对配对的功能和疑点进行深入的分析，为我国开展该项研究的样本设计方面提出建设性的思路。     

论外语测试对外语教学的反馈作用

教学与测试是教育体系中两个不可缺少的过程，但其教育功能是不同的。教学是教育得以实施的核心手段，而测试则是为教学服务的。由测试的分类及其定义可以看出，外语测试对外语教学具有反馈作用。外语教师要努力寻求操作性强的方法和策略，最大限度的实现外语测试对外语教学的正面反馈作用。     

Teaching Marketing in China

With the introduction of China's modernization program, Chinese leaders have emphasized the development of managerial skills. With the increasing number of foreign educators participating in training managers in China, it is important that training efforts be effective. This study reports on a survey that focuses on understanding the perception of marketing training in China. Results identify the perceived benefits and problems of Chinese managers in learning and applying marketing, and suggestions regarding how marketing educators can become more effective in enhancing the relevance of marketing concepts for China are discussed.     

中国管理理论概念研究：演变、重构及延伸

迄今为止，学术界尚未形成能够被广泛认可的中国管理理论构建范式，而统一的概念作为基础性和导向性研究问题被学者们普遍关注，亟需要解决。从中国管理理论概念的演变梳理视角出发，确定了中国管理理论的统一概念名称。基于中文数据库，以苏东水、曾仕强、徐淑英和陈春花等有影响力的管理学者提出的20个中国管理理论概念定义文本作为研究对象，借助ROST content mining软件进行内容分析，归纳出20个概念中使用最频繁的核心类目，重构了中国管理理论的概念内涵。最后在概念内涵的基础上以“中国故事、中国语言、国际故事和国际语言”2*2分布尝试概念延伸的探讨。     

国内网红经济与国外影响者营销的联系与区别——基于对于概念的比较和考察

当下国内网红经济与国外影响者营销的实践发展日新月异,但相关理论发展远远滞后,且两者作为两个独立的体系各自发展,双方的交流对话严重不足,从而成为制约这一领域学术发展的瓶颈。同时,国内网红研究多参考外国理论和先行研究进行解释和模型构建,而少有本土独创性理论,也少有研究深入讨论,中国的网红和外国的社交媒体影响者(SMIs)、网红经济和影响者营销(IM)是否在概念上等价。同时当下网红经济的关注焦点聚集在直播营销领域,也少有研究系统考察两者的联系和区别。对此,本文研究在哲学对概念内涵与外延理解的指导下,建立先行文献数据库并系统地对中国的网红与网红经济、中国的网红与国外的社交媒体影响者,中国的网红经济与直播营销、中国的网红经济和国外的影响者营销的概念进行梳理,并找出他们的区别和联系。并在此基础上探讨国外的理论在哪些方面是可以借用的,在哪些方面急需中国自己的理论构建,以期为未来的理论发展提供一定参考。     

Subsidiary goals,learning orientations,and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises: evidence from foreign direct investments in Korea

This paper investigates the links among subsidiary goals, learning orientations, and ownership strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The authors hypothesize that an MNE's ownership strategy is determined by subsidiary goals and learning orientations. Furthermore, interactions between learning orientations and subsidiary goals are predicted to influence the ownership strategy. Based on 723 foreign subsidiaries of MNEs operating in Korea, our findings suggest that when MNE foreign subsidiaries influence ownership choice, market-seeking goals and resource-seeking goals have a stronger fit with the exploitation orientation than with the exploration orientation. In contrast, the category of knowledge-seeking goals has a stronger fit with exploration than with exploitation.     

The Impact of Academic Research on Business Practice Experiences from Marketing

In the past four decades, academic researchers have developed a variety of concepts they claim are relevant to business practice. This article analyzes the impact of eight of these concepts from a decision-oriented perspective. Four of them – econometric models, diffusion models, causal analysis and mental accounting – have yet to exert a significant influence on business practice. In contrast, concepts like price decisions and structures, conjoint measurement, decision support systems and pricing processes – all developed to solve practical problems – have proven to be highly useful. It seems evident that overly complex methodology, abstract reasoning and the reliance on incidental data substantially hinder the success of concepts in practice. On the other hand, concepts that provide managers with economically valuable insights are well-received in business practice. The impact of practical experience on the definition of research projects has remained limited. This is due less to the reluctance of the parties involved and more to the objective obstacles such as confidentiality and the complexity of problems. Academic researchers are encouraged to more assertively seek out research guidance from business practitioners, and practitioners should more actively provide recommendations needed for relevant research.     

Factors enhancing the choice of higher resource commitment entry modes in international new ventures

The choice of entry mode in foreign markets is an important strategic decision with major consequences for the success of international new ventures (INVs). It is generally accepted that these firms choose relatively low-resource commitment entry modes to operate in foreign markets. Nevertheless, some researchers have suggested that higher resource commitment entry modes in foreign markets also seem to be competitive strategies for INVs. In this study, from a marketing/international entrepreneurship interface perspective and focusing on organizational issues, we center our attention on international market orientation as a neglected yet important factor in INVs’ choice of higher resource commitment entry modes in foreign markets. We suggest that an entrepreneurial orientation and the timing of international entry are important correlates to an international market orientation. We also suggest that the international learning effort of INVs through their international market orientation has a direct, positive impact on the resources these companies commit to their foreign markets through the use of higher resource commitment entry modes. Accordingly, the model proposes a positive effect of entrepreneurial orientation and early international entry on international market orientation which, in turn, is positively related to higher resource commitment entry modes. The hypotheses were tested on country-level data from Spain, using a structural equation model to analyze relationships between the latent variables.This study extends previous international entrepreneurship research, including insights on antecedents of international new ventures’ choice of resource commitment entry modes in foreign markets. The paper also goes further than previous international entrepreneurship research, by addressing the strategic consequences of rapid entry into foreign markets. Additionally, the results of this work encourage international entrepreneurs to look beyond the explicit value of experiential market knowledge to realize the potential value of international market orientation as an antecedent to higher resource commitment entry modes.     

Creating an effective code-switched ad for monolinguals: the influence of brand origin and foreign language familiarity

This study investigates the influence of brand origin and foreign language familiarity in code-switched (CS) ad effectiveness for monolingual consumers. CS ads refer to ads containing foreign words or phrases in an advertising copy (e.g., headline and slogan), resulting in a mixture of native and foreign languages. In this research, we conducted a pilot study to show the increasing trend of using code-switching in ads, regardless of whether the brands are local or foreign, in a monolingual market. We further examine if the effectiveness of CS ads is contingent on the brand origin among monolinguals. Study 1 showed that non-CS ads were perceived more favorably than CS ads for advertising a local brand. However, not all of the CS ads were perceived more favorably than non-CS ads when a foreign brand was advertized. The results of Study 2 showed that when a foreign brand was advertized, CS ads using a high-exposure foreign language were evaluated more favorably than CS ads using a low-exposure foreign language. Foreign language familiarity played a mediating role in the observed effects. We provide evidence that the research findings on CS ads among bilinguals cannot be applied to monolinguals. We discuss implications for international marketing and suggest advertising strategies for practitioners.     

The Influence of Native Versus Foreign Language on Chinese Subjects’ Aggressive Financial Reporting Judgments

Researchers have suggested that ethical judgments about “right” and “wrong” are the result of deep and thoughtful principles and should therefore be consistent and not influenced by factors, such as language (Costa et al. in PLoS ONE 9(4):e94842, 2014b, p. 1). As long as an ethical scenario is understood, individuals’ resolution should not depend on whether the ethical scenario is presented in their native language or in a foreign language. Given the forces of globalization and international convergence, an increasing number of accountants and accounting students are becoming proficient in more than one language, and they are required to interpret and apply complex ethical pronouncements issued by various global standard setters both in their native language and in English. There have been calls in the literature to examine whether subjects make systematically different ethical judgments in a foreign language than in their native language. We contribute to the literature by drawing on culture, linguistics, and psychology research to provide empirical evidence that Chinese subjects are more aggressive in interpreting the concept of control when providing their consolidation reporting recommendations in English than in Simplified Chinese. We applied a 2 × 2 within-subject and between-subject randomized experimental design using a sample of Chinese final year undergraduate accounting students at a leading Chinese university, where accounting courses are taught in both Simplified Chinese and English. Students in our study are proxy for entry-level accounting practitioners. Our findings have implications for the globalized business world and cross-cultural research by challenging the commonly held assumption that an individual’s ethical judgment is consistent in different languages. We suggest that systematically different ethical judgments in native and foreign languages needs to be recognized.     

Chinese enterprises in Germany: Establishment modes and strategies to mitigate the liability of foreignness

Although China shows an impressive increase of outward foreign direct investment, research on internationalization strategies of Chinese companies is still in its infancies. It remains unclear, for example, how Chinese MNEs cope with the specific institutional hurdles of a developed country such as Germany and to reduce their liability of foreignness (LOF). Given a remarkable lack of in-depth empirical studies, we present insights from 31 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with employees belonging to seven Chinese MNEs and stakeholders. Our findings suggest that Chinese MNEs have gained international experience, whereas strategies to reduce their LOF depend on the establishment mode chosen.     

Information internalisation and internationalisation—Evidence from Vietnamese firms

Previous research on internationalisation has mainly focused on the collection and use of information. In this article we examine the role of information internalisation in international business activities of Vietnamese firms. A theoretical model incorporating key antecedents and outcomes of information internalisation is developed. The antecedents are market orientation and learning orientation, and the outcomes are international orientation and foreign sales intensity. A survey of 144 Vietnamese internationalising firms was conducted to test the model in conjunction with its two competing models by means of a two-step approach to structural equation modelling. We found that both information internalisation has direct and indirect effects (mediated by international orientation) on foreign sales intensity. Further, market orientation and learning orientation underlie information internalisation. Implications for managers and directions for future research are also addressed.