Spatial Cournot competition in a circular city with more than two dispatches

This paper investigates spatial Cournot competition in a circular city, where the maximal service range of a vehicle is less than half of the perimeter, and a firm needs to initiate more than two dispatches to serve the whole market. We examine a multi‐stage game of location and transportation mode choices, and the subsequent quantity competition between duopoly firms. The findings reveal that non‐maximum dispersion is the unique location equilibrium when duopoly firms deliver products in different transportation modes or when the transportation mode decisions are made endogenously and the fixed cost of a transportation instrument is relatively high.     

不完全竞争、非对称信息下的最优进口贸易政策和产业政策

本文讨论了不完全竞争和非对称信息情况下 ,如何运用进口贸易政策和产业政策增进本国福利的问题。本文发现 ,(1 )在Cournot同质产品竞争的情况下 ,制定可以诱使本国企业显示真实成本的政策规则可以实现与完全信息情况相同的配置结果 ;并且 ,本国企业的生产成本越低 ,政策规则规定的最优关税越低 ;在某些成本结构下 ,甚至应该执行零关税政策。 (2 )在圆形城市空间竞争 (SpatialCompetitioninCircularCity)的情况下 ,生产补贴和关税的作用完全等价 ;不存在可以实现事后效率的政策规则 ,并且 ,约束最优结果不是一个PBE均衡结果 ,本国政府的最优政策是制定等于单位运输成本的关税。上述结论蕴含 ,最优政策干预以及它能否消除非对称信息可能带来的效率损失依赖于竞争类型 ,而不依赖于信息结构 ,因此 ,它不会发生扭曲     

Impacts of transportation infrastructure on single-family property values

New or long-standing public infrastructure such as highways, airports, and ports of entry (POE) can increase adjacent property values generating a value premium for private developers and adjacent property owners. States and local governments aim to determine the geographic footprint and anticipate the economic value created by transportation infrastructure proximity and accessibility since it represents an opportunity to capture some infrastructure costs. Hence, it is desirable to understand the degree of correlation between transportation infrastructure proximity and changes in real property values in a spatial context particularly when defining economic development zones where transportation investments are planned and where governments expect to recover some of the infrastructure cost from increases in real property values. This research applies geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis to determine the geographic footprint and quantify the impacts of transportation infrastructure proximity and accessibility on real property values in El Paso, Texas using a 2013 cross-sectional data set. The presence of spatial nonstationarity and heterogeneity confirms that transportation infrastructure proximity and accessibility might generate premiums on real property values, but that such premiums are not always positive and are occasionally negative. GWR shows that benefits from a transportation facility can be capitalized by non-adjacent parcels. Finally, GWR maps can help better policy development by estimating how much value is added by infrastructure proximity and accessibility throughout particular locations.     

旅游交通方式比例结构跃迁现象与跃迁带模型——以国内旅游为例

选择北京、武汉、西安3个城市为案例客源地,基于大样本问卷调查数据,研究客源地居民访问不同距离国内目标景区时采用自驾车、火车、飞机三种交通方式的比例结构及其变化规律。研究发现:①随着客源地与目的地距离的增加,采用自驾车、火车、飞机三种主要交通方式到访目标景区的旅游者比例结构发生了有规律的变化,产生了旅游交通方式跃迁现象,在客源城市周围形成了多个旅游交通方式跃迁带,可分为主交通方式跃迁带、次交通方式跃迁带与波动带三种类型。②在客源城市周围由近及远依次产生旅游主交通方式由自驾车向火车转变和由火车向飞机转变两个主跃迁带,有的客源城市在此之外还会出现主交通方式由飞机向火车转变的第三主跃迁带。据此构建旅游交通方式跃迁带模型,通过对比旅游交通方式主跃迁带在案例城市的现实表现,初步发现了国内旅游交通方式跃迁带位置的变化规律及其影响因素,为研究旅游交通方式跃迁现象提供了认知框架,为目的地根据旅游主交通方式细分市场、更有针对性地提供旅游交通服务和开展市场营销工作提供了参考依据。     

‘To sell or not to sell’: Licensing versus selling by an outside innovator

We study various modes of technology transfer of an outside innovator in a spatial framework when the potential licensees are asymmetric. In addition to different licensing options, we also look into the option of selling the property rights of innovation and find the optimal mode of technology transfer. For licensing we find the optimal policy is to offer pure royalty contracts to both licensee firms when cost differentials between the firms are relatively small compared to the transportation cost, otherwise offer a fixed fee licensing contract to the efficient firm only. Interestingly, we show the innovator is always better-off selling the innovation to any one of the firms who further licenses it to the rival firm. The result holds irrespective of the size of the innovation (drastic or non-drastic) and the degree of cost asymmetry between the licensees. Social welfare is greater under selling than licensing.     

天然气开发企业产运销一体化协调发展评价指标体系设计

与石油相比,天然气具有不容易储存和运输方式单一的典型特点。严重依赖于管线运输使得天然气产运销各环节必须协调一致、同步发展才能产生较好的效益。结合天然气各业务环节的特点,建立了一套多层次的天然气开发企业产运销一体化协调发展评价指标体系,为天然气开发企业科学发展提供了规范的评价工具。     

Ricardian Comparative Advantage and Geographical Concentration

This paper analyses geographical concentration using the continuum‐of‐goods trade model in the presence of labor migration, Ricardian comparative advantage and Marshallian‐type external increasing returns to scale. The findings show that higher transportation costs lead to concentration in one region, and lower transportation costs lead to diversification between the regions. For intermediate transportation costs, asymmetric diversification becomes a stable equilibrium in which the smaller population region has higher wage rates and a smaller externality, and vice versa. However, because the asymmetric equilibrium is an inefficient outcome, it leaves room for government intervention.     

ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ABOUT PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION

We introduce asymmetric information about consumers’ transportation costs (i.e., the degree of product differentiation) in the model of Hotelling. When transportation costs are high, both firms have lower profits with asymmetric information than with perfect information. Contrarily, if transportation costs are low, both firms may prefer the asymmetric information scenario (the informed firm always prefers the informational advantage, while the uninformed firm may or may not prefer to remain uninformed). Information exchange is ex‐ante advantageous for both firms, but ex‐post damaging if transportation costs turn out to be low. If the information is unverifiable, the informed firm does not represent a reliable source of information, since it always prefers to announce that transportation costs are high and there is no contract that induces truthful revelation.     

贸易成本与国内产业地理

中国目前的产业地理是在国内外经济一体化同时深入发展的背景下形成和发展起来的。本文以贸易成本为核心变量,在空间经济学的理论框架下研究了国内外经济一体化对国内产业地理的影响。通过拓展Krugman and Livas(1996)的两国三地区模型,设定国内两地区对称和不对称两种情形讨论国内外贸易成本对国内产业地理的作用,并以后者模拟中国东中西部地区与外部市场不对称的情形;通过数据模拟呈现内外贸易成本、市场规模与产业空间分布的关系。     

MAINTAINING MARKET POSITION: TEAM PERFORMANCE,REVENUE AND WAGE EXPENDITURE IN THE ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE

This paper investigates the relationship between playing success and commercial success in team sports. Utilizing a data set relating to the English Premier League that combines both financial measures and indicators of playing skills and performances, our empirical analysis is based on three behavioural equations. Our analysis indicates that on‐field success can be directly related to players’ skills and abilities and that revenue is positively related to on‐field success. Wage expenditure is also shown to systematically reflect player skills and performances. One interpretation of this evidence is that investment in players’ skills and ability buys on‐field success, with richer teams becoming ever richer and able to maintain or even build upon success by spending more on players than less successful clubs. To the extent that richer clubs are successful in their objective there is a causal link between revenue earned and competitive imbalance via investments in players. The implications of this tendency within a league are discussed in our conclusion, which also considers the potentially wider implications of our study as they relate to the evolution of firm size and issues of market share.     

Quality distortions in vertical relations

This paper examines how delivery tariffs and private quality standards are determined in vertical relations that are subject to asymmetric information. We consider an infinitely repeated game where an upstream firm sells a product to a downstream firm. In each period, the firms negotiate a delivery contract comprising the quality of the good as well as a non-linear tariff. Assuming asymmetric information about the actual quality of the product and focusing on incentive compatible contracts, we show that from the firms’ perspective delivery contracts lead to more efficient contracts and thus higher overall profits the lower the firms’ outside options, i.e. the higher their mutual dependency. Buyer power driven by a reduced outside option of the upstream firm enhances the efficiency of vertical relations, while buyer power due to an improved outside option of the downstream firm implies less efficient outcomes.     

金融集聚与产业结构的空间关联机制研究

利用Moran指数和地理加权回归模型,从空间依赖性和空间异质性两方面阐释我国金融集聚程度、产业结构空间分布特征及两者在地理空间上的关联性。结果表明:我国金融集聚与产业结构空间分布特征相似,各自存在显著的空间依赖性;金融聚集与产业结构的"交叉"空间依赖性与相互影响程度具有不对称的特点。进而推断两者间的关联机制为:产业结构的调整在空间上带动金融集聚的发展,同时金融集聚对产业结构发挥促进的反作用力。     

基于轴—辐理论的奇瑞整车销售物流网络构建

轴-辐网络是降低整车销售物流成本的有效网络结构。以奇瑞整车销售物流为研究对象,基于轴-辐理论构建整车销售物流网络。首先运用主成分分析法结合三个定性原则从全国337个地市级以上行政区域中甄选出24个整车销售物流枢纽节点,其次借鉴Dijkstra算法将枢纽节点分为中心枢纽节点、混合枢纽节点、区域枢纽节点三个空间层次,最后引用轴-辐网络原理构建了奇瑞整车销售物流网络,其中干线网络分为主干线、干线、一般干线三个空间层次。分析表明,水运、铁运比重将分别提高34．19％、10．39％,而公路运输比重则下降62．47％,水铁联运的比重占到17．89％,干线物流成本较原先下降16．53％。     

Bowling alone, drinking together

This paper investigates to what extent youth alcohol consumption depends on consumption patterns by other household members and on social interactions outside the household. Exploiting the richness of the data, we explore the possibility of asymmetric social influences by gender and by age, the differences between use and abuse and among different types of alcohol consumption (beer, wine and spirits). Moreover, we control for contextual effects, such as variables related to neighbourhood and family background. We find that both the drinking intensity by other household members and a richer social life outside home are positively related to alcohol consumption. We also find that siblings are more influential than parents, that the mother is more influential for females and the father for males.     

Agri-environmental schemes: Adverse selection, information structure and delegation

This work analyzes alternative designs of agri-environmental schemes and how different incentive mechanisms impact on their overall efficiency. It focuses on spatial targeting and delegation in an asymmetric information context. First, the optimal contract under adverse selection is modeled. This model underlines the trade-off between information rents and allocative efficiency. The impact of spatial targeting is then addressed. Disaggregated information structures increase the optimal efforts asked of the farmers. It may also involve higher information rents and may reduce the net contributions of some farmers. Finally, the consequences of delegating authority within the principal-agent relationship are investigated. The results illustrate that spatial targeting and delegation, when combined, have asymmetric impacts on farmers' payoffs.     

转移成本、价格歧视和非对称寡头竞争

通过在Hotelling空间差异模型的基础上结合转移成本构建非对称企业竞争博弈模型.主要研究在非对称情况下,两企业在一致定价与价格歧视下竞争的均衡结果.还对两种不同定价体制下的均衡结果进行了比较,分析价格歧视是否强化竞争.研究发现价格歧视对竞争的效应是不确定的,很大程度受到两企业不对称程度的影响.     

旅游要素POI对夜间灯光指数的贡献及其空间特征分析

"吃、住、行、游、购、娱"旅游六要素的POI数据能反映出旅游相关对象的空间结构、分布形态和旅游空间实体所承载的社会经济功能,而夜间灯光影像是反映区域经济发展情况的重要手段。文章从旅游要素POI对夜间灯光指数的贡献视角,基于多元线性回归、空间自相关和地理加权回归方法,以湖南省122个县(市、区)为案例分析了旅游要素POI和灯光之间的关系和空间异质性。结果显示,购物服务、休闲娱乐、交通服务对灯光指数具有正向影响,观光游览对灯光指数具有负向影响,不同的旅游要素POI对灯光影响呈现明显的空间差异。这一特征是区域旅游活动、旅游经济发展综合作用的结果,研究内容为区域旅游研究提供了新的方法和视角。     

铁路货运服务质量的AHP-Fuzzy评价

如何客观、公正、准确的评价铁路货运服务质量是促使铁路货物运输质量提高的关键因素。文章建立了铁路货运服务质量的AHP-Fuzzy评价模型,并举例说明了该模型的应用,评价结果与事实相符。     

浅谈中小企业如何回避采购中的运输风险

在采购物流中运输是最主要的，成为除产品采购成本外成本消耗最大的物流活动。由于不同的运输方式的速度、价格和风险也各不相同，为此，对中小企业来说选择合理的运输方式以有效回避采购中的运输风险成为采购物流的控制重点。本文对采购中的可能出现的运输风险进行了分析，在此基础上介绍了中小企业有效回避采购中运输风险的措施和建议。     

基于社会网络中心性模型的城市公园公交可达性研究——以哈尔滨道里区为例

在国家优先发展公共交通的政策引导下,如何优化城市公园布局与公交网络的空间关系,提高公园的公交可达性,成为城市建设过程中所面临的现实课题。首先,依据公交站点与城市公园入口100m空间距离,将其划分为接入点与连接点,依据相同路线的公交线路数量构建邻接矩阵,初步确立了公交网络结构模型。其次,从可达性和连接性2个方面提取了公交网络中心性模型的4个自变量因子,其中表征可达性的度数中心度、接近中心度和中间中心度3个自变量因子,定量反映了城市公园在公交网络中的区位条件;其中表征连接性的聚类系数,定量反映了公交连接点与接入点的连接程度。然后,通过自变量因子权重赋值,建构了公交网络中心性模型,依此量化评估城市公园的公交可达性。最后,应用公交网络中心性模型,结合哈尔滨道里区公交站线与10个建成公园现状进行实证研究,提出了在公交中心性空洞区合理规划公交站点及线路,而在公交中心性高值区增补城市公园的对策,以此促进公交网络与城市公园布局的空间耦合关系,提高城市公园的公交可达性,使其发挥更大的综合效益。