英国公司法中的董事义务与责任——兼谈英国公司法改革

英国公司法形成于十九世纪,并曾长期成为其他国家制定公司法的范本。英国公司法有着较为完善的公司董事责任法律制度,在救济方式方面也很有特色。相比之下,我国公司法关于董事义务和责任等方面的规定过于简单和笼统,英国公司法有许多值得我们借鉴之处。英国公司法中的董事义务在英国公司法中,公司董事具有管理公司经营活动的权力。公司法将管理权交给公司董事的同时则要求董事在行使此权力时应尽到谨慎管理的受托义务。关于董事义务的规定基本上存在于判例法中,通常包含两部分内容。第一部分义务通常要求董事具有相当的管理能力并能够勤勉尽…     

论董事与公司之间的法律关系

尽管2006年1月1日起实施的新《公司法》第148条至第150条规定了董事的义务和责任,但在董事与公司的法律关系问题上仍然缺乏明确的立场。董事与公司之间法律关系的性质决定着董事在公司运营中的权力、义务和责任。为明确董事的法律地位,有必要借鉴各国立法, 在公司法中进一步明确董事与公司之间的“准委任关系”并完善相关立法。     

公司董事法律责任的免责机制问题研究

在现代公司治理结构中，从公司董事责任角度看，我们关注较多的是董事法律责任的归责问题，实际上在公司治理活动中，还存在另一方面的问题，即董事的法律责任的免责问题。本文从公司管理的角度出发，讨论了董事免责的法理，董事注意义务与经营判断原则的关系，提出了构建我国董事免责机制的建议与措施。     

论董事与公司之间的法律关系

尽管2006年1月1日起实施的新《公司法》第148条至第150条规定了董事的义务和责任,但在董事与公司的法律关系问题上仍然缺乏明确的立场.董事与公司之间法律关系的性质决定着董事在公司运营中的权力、义务和责任.     

公司治理结构的法律规制

公司治理结构是现代公司制的核心,公司治理结构在公司内部是通过公司组织机构分权制衡的职权设计来实现的，主要受《公司法》的规范，我国公司立法在公司治理结构的法律规制上存在制度缺陷，因此，完善既有的立法例，创设以董事会为中心的公司治理结构，扩充监事会的权力，建立股东代表诉讼制度，强化董事义务，将有助于推动我国国有大中型企业实行规范的公司制改造。     

我国设立独立董事制度的若干问题

设立独立董事的依据是解决委托人同代理人由于信息不对称而产生的机会主义行为，弥补我国公司治理结构的缺陷。但在我国特殊的“二元制”公司治理结构中，要正确界定独立董事同监事会职能。我国现行的公司治理结构还存在着独立董事“不独立”和独立董事鸡以“懂事”、独立董事从事其特殊职能的信息不充分、激励约束机制不健全等问题。要建立和完善我国独立董事制度，必须注重独立董事制度建设，严格规定独立董事任职数量和确保丁作时间、合理界定独立董事同监事会的职责，建立和完善独立董事的激励约束机制。     

公司董事责任及其制度完善

由于公司分权制衡理论的发展和公司治理结构的不断完善，传统的股东会中心主义逐渐为董事会中心主义所取代，公司的日常经营权完全由董事会操控，且其权利发展有不可阻挡之势，董事在公司的地位也得到很大的提升，对公司的生死存亡起到了至关重要的作用。权利和义务总是相对应的，享有多少权利便要承担多少义务，包括善管义务和忠实义务在内的董事义务也更多的为学界和实务界提起，而董事对其义务的违反就引起了其责任问题，这就是董事责任问题的由来。     

中外董事义务之法理分析及公司法完善

文章以中外董事义务的法理研究为切入点 ,从主客体、内容及价值追求等多角度对董事义务进行了初步的综合分析 ,借鉴国外立法经验 ,结合我国公司法在董事义务方面的相关规定 ,提出了从强化董事义务基础、完善董事忠实义务、增加董事注意义务的规定等三方面进一步完善我国公司立法的建议。     

对现行上市公司独立董事制度的一些思考

独立董事制度一直是理论界和实务界关注的问题。本文从如何改善公司治理结构、改造董事会结构、上市公司的独立董事应该分专职、兼职和名誉三种、成立“独立董事协会”、独立董事应就近聘用、完善独立董事相关法律制度并投保民事赔偿责任险等六个方面提出了一些建议，对完善独立董事制度的问题进行了探讨。     

我国公司董事忠实义务立法的完善

本文阐述了董事忠实义务的根据、忠实义务的体现,针对公司制度存在的问题,在评价国外相关立法的基础上,提出了完善我国立法中董事忠实义务规定的建议以及新公司法下的董事竞业禁止义务及其立法完善。     

Financialization and Society’s Protective Response: Reconsidering Karl Polanyi’s Double Movement

Financialization challenges Karl Polanyi’s thesis of double movement, the thesis that efforts to extend the market evoke efforts to protect humans, nature, and means of production from market forces. Financialization refers to the increased power of financial institutions. The government protects the incomes and assets of financial institutions, but it does little to protect the incomes and assets of households, which are necessary for people to afford healthcare, education, emergencies, retirement, and so on. Polanyi criticized nineteenth-century civilization for transforming land, labor, and the means of production into commodities, using economic insecurity to motivate humans. The development of intangible property allowed business to expand the market in two ways: (i) restricting output to drive up profits and (ii) liquefying consumer assets to provide credit to consumers to increase spending. The implications of that process manifested themselves in the financial crisis of 2008. Market capitalism represented the attempt to organize commodities based on economic rationality. Similarly, the twentieth- and twenty-first-century capitalism represents the effort to “rationally” organize society according to the value of intangible assets. Both efforts failed, indicating the continued relevance of Polanyi’s thesis.     

和谐营销中的社会责任观念

社会责任对于和谐营销的意义在于：赢得消费者的支持和尊敬,提升企业和谐营销效益;提高企业的凝聚力,促进和谐营销团队建设;实现企业、消费者、社会共赢,企业长久发展。在和谐营销中实施社会责任从根本上讲,是构建企业以社会责任观念为核心的企业价值观和企业文化,营造社会责任氛围,开发社会责任产品,把承担社会责任作为企业战略实现和谐营销与社会责任的统一,使消费者利益、企业利益、社会利益在更高的层次上达到和谐统一,进一步降低消费者、企业、社会的发展成本,是建设和谐社会中发挥企业责任和作用的最佳途径。     

A tool for fiscal policy planning in a medium-term fiscal framework: The FMM-MTFF model

This paper describes the FMM-MTFF model, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model developed to support the implementation of a Medium-Term Fiscal Framework (MTFF) in emerging market and developing economies. The model exhibits the following features. First, fiscal policy is defined in terms of multi-year fiscal plans, instead of restricting attention to univariate, single-period fiscal shocks. Second, the model temporarily deactivates the fiscal rule to avoid forcing fiscal policy to be mechanically countercyclical and sustainable. Third, the model is calibrated to match a three-sector, stylized version of a country’s input-output table, and finally, the model uses a chain-weighted procedure to measure GDP, a method consistent with what national account compilers do. The model is calibrated to Colombian and Peruvian data to illustrate the use of the model as a tool to quantify the scale of the fiscal challenges, to provide consistent medium-term macro fiscal projections and to assess the quantitative implications of past reforms and alternative fiscal policy plans on the economies, i.e., the typical questions of interest to an MTFF.     

对我国高等会计教育的思考

随着知识经济和信息时代的到来,社会对会计人才的知识、能力提出了更高的要求,会计环境变化呼唤会计教育变革。因此,顺应时代发展,确立以目标为导向的会计教育模式,疏通供求双方的联系渠道,创新会计教育体制与机制,改革传统的会计教学模式,采取切实有效的措施,加快会计教育的改革是当务之急。     

Nano-worlds as Schumpeterian emergence and Polanyian double-movements

The overarching question raised in this special issue is whether societies can, do or indeed should steer new and emergent science and technological development and its management on to trajectories construed as more or less 'desirable'. It therefore sits at the interface of two arenas. These are governance: processes of shaping/steering emergent technologies and markets; and sustainability: normative agendas incorporating a range of potentially competing conjectures and internally inconsistent desires such as to facilitate rather than stifle innovation, to enable economic development, to anticipate or deploy strategies to cope with risk and uncertainty, and to encourage technological developments that benefit rather than harm humans, their quality of life and the natural environment. Despite the potential for apparent empirical inconsistencies and contradictions that manifest as outcomes of the negotiation of these aims, there is (pace Karl Polanyi) a normative entry point to all of the articles and the material they draw upon, which is the idea that markets and technologies should be the handmaiden of societies, not vice versa.

It is now widely recognized that 'nanotechnology' is a diverse set of feasible procedures emerging from scientific possibilities to enable the production of artefacts at the nanoscale creating new products, processes and services. Attention has to be paid to the desirability of these artefacts, which involve social, economic, ecologic, political and ethical matters that surround their emergence. The purpose of this special issue is to set out the current and future prospects for the widespread use (or innovation) of technological convergence at the nanoscale to create nano-artefacts, and the needs for governance and regulation that will accompany these innovations.     

Climate Change and the Polanyian Counter-movement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth?

In the midst of a wave of market expansion, carbon markets have been proposed as the best way to address global climate change. While some argue that carbon markets represent a modern example of a Polanyian counter-movement to the environmental crisis, we adopt a structural interpretation of Polanyi to refute this claim. Carbon markets represent a further expansion of markets that fails to address the underlying contradictions related to the commodification of nature. In addition, they increase risks to society and the domination of economic elites. While carbon markets further subject social and ecological relations to market mechanisms, we examine degrowth as a possible response to climate change that prioritises social and environmental goals over economic growth. While degrowth continues to be dismissed as impractical or impossible, a growing number of scholars, scientists and activists argue it is the only way to address global climate change. In contrast to carbon markets, we argue degrowth could represent a genuine Polanyian counter-movement in response to climate change. In addition, degrowth could help all those disenfranchised by market fundamentalism by addressing the triple crises related to the commodification of land, labour and money.     

甘肃省耕地资源禀赋与贫困关系的量化研究

文章对甘肃省87个县以及其中的43个国家贫困县的耕地资源指标和贫困指标进行了相关分析,得出的结论是:甘肃省耕地资源禀赋与贫困之间没有相关性。因此要解决甘肃省的贫困问题,保证粮食安全战略,进而实现可持续发展的目标,必须提高土地质量,发展生态农业,增加单位面积的产出,并调整农业产业结构。片面扩大耕地面积不仅不能够提高粮食产量,反而会造成发展的不可持续性。     

试论城乡互动的信息化发展模式

在中国,信息化的空间格局呈现为显著的城乡二元结构,这种失衡的空间结构不仅有碍于信息化的公平。也不利于信息化的效率。为了消除信息贫困,缩小数字鸿沟,使得城乡的每个角落都能享受到科技进步的福祉,本文构建城乡互动的信息化发展模式,希望通过有效的空间发展模式,来调配和引导信息化的空间运行。该模式以城乡合作、互促共进为基本运行前提,以有效聚集、有机疏散为空间配置方式,旨在推进城乡之间信息设施的统筹布局、信息资源的充分共享、信息投资的互为通融、信息市场的相互渗透、信息人才的自由流动。模式的关键在于提高城市信息化的溢出效应,突破农村信息化的发展瓶颈,推进城市化与信息化有机结合。城乡信息网络应与城乡经济、人口、交通、技术、社会网络相互融通,提高资源配置的信度与效度,以实现城乡之间全方位的互动。     

Study on the planning principles of urban forest

The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urban forest： the priority of the ecological function, the adaptation to local condilions, the optimization in the whole system, the mutual dependence of forest and city, the culturecontinuance and recreation satisfaction, sustainable development and operability, etc. This paper takes Changsha as an example to elaborate the planning principles of the urban forest. Firstly, Changsba urban forest ecosphere is composed of the eco-garden, the round-the-city forest belt, the ecological isolation belt, the green channel, the landscape of the rivers and streams, the forest park, the biodiversity reserve and the eco-forest in suburb area. It aims to make every kind of ecological essential factors organically merge into the complex city ecosystem to build an eco-city, to strengthen the connection of wide-open space with various habitats spots, to promote resident＇s accessibility, to perfect landscape ecology, and to make full use of the ecological function of urban forest. When we construct the urban forest, we must optimize the comprehensive benefit and make the urban forest structure and the layout in the best condition in order to buiM the harmonious green city for both man and nature to realize the whole optimization of the city system by the complex functions of the urban forest in ecology, environmental protection, landscape, recreation, etc.     

试论人民银行支付结算管理职能行使

支付结算体系作为国家重要的金融基础设施和社会资金运行的大动脉,关系到金融稳定和社会安定,维护支付结算的正常运行是法律赋予人民银行的重要职责.人民银行作为支付体系的组织者、管理者、监督者,应充分发挥好法律赋予的支付结算管理职能.加强支付结算调查的研究,大力推广票据使用上运用新的支付工具,不断改进支付结算手段,维护支付体系安全稳定,服务社会主义市场经济.同时,要逐步建立支付结算监督管理责任追求制度,强化支付结算的监管力度,维护结算当事人的合法权益,防范支付风险和案件发生.