Managing complex adaptive systems — A co-evolutionary perspective on natural resource management

The overexploitation of natural resources and the increasing number of social conflicts following from their unsustainable use point to a wide gap between the objectives of sustainability and current resource management practices. One of the reasons for the difficulties to close this gap is that for evolving complex systems like natural and socio-economic systems, sustainability cannot be a static objective. Instead sustainable development is an open evolutionary process of improving the management of social-ecological systems, through better understanding and knowledge. Therefore, natural resource management systems need to be able to deal with different temporal, spatial and social scales, nested hierarchies, irreducible uncertainty, multidimensional interactions and emergent properties. The co-evolutionary perspective outlined in this paper serves as heuristic device to map the interactions settled in the networks between the resource base, social institutions and the behaviour of individual actors. For this purpose we draw on ideas from complex adaptive systems theory, evolutionary theory and evolutionary economics. Finally, we outline a research agenda for a co-evolutionary approach for natural resource management systems.     

森林传统管护向社区共管转型的制度变迁探析——基于对白水江保护区李子坝行政村的实证研究

社区共管模式在我国保护区管理当中得到了广泛的应用,但其发展仍处于初级实践阶段,且依然存在很多问题值得学界关注。文章以白水江保护区共管示范基地李子坝村为例,旨在通过制度变迁视角和制度效率评价方法,对其传统管护向共管模式转型的变迁效率、演替规律及衍生路径进行探析。文章期冀在为社区共管必要性和可行性辅以实证支持的同时,也为保护区共管路径的选择和共管模式的具体实施提供理论参考。     

Renewable resource management with environmental prediction: the importance of structural specification

Environmental variability can substantially influence renewable resource growth, and as the ability to forecast environmental conditions improves, opportunities for adaptive management emerge. Using a stochastic stock‐recruitment model, Costello, et al. ( 2001 ) show the optimal management response to a prediction of favourable growth conditions is to reduce current harvests. We find this result may be reversed when environmental variability and stock are substitutes in growth, a possibility that has been ignored by resource economists. As an example, we analyze the South Carolina white shrimp fishery, finding the optimal response to a prediction of favourable overwinter conditions is to increase fall harvests.     

重大突发公共卫生事件科技研发应急体系运行机制研究

在突发事件应急管理过程中,科技研发支撑作用十分关键,亟需建立突发公共卫生事件科研应急体系长效运行机制。基于科技研发应急体系的复杂性、适应性特征,从主体属性和体系架构两个层面入手,分析重大突发公共卫生事件科技研发应急体系的复杂适应系统特征,运用复杂适应系统理论模型和动态闭环螺旋模型,研究重大突发公共卫生事件科技研发应急体系运行机制。研究发现,重大突发公共卫生事件背景下,科技研发应急体系具有复杂适应系统的7个基本特征,是典型的复杂适应系统;科技研发应急体系中,科研攻关专家组、诊疗医院、科技部门等科研主体具有各自内部模型,并通过6大标识进行聚集;科技研发应急体系存在事件—需求引导、主体协同、资源交互、成果转化机制。同时,新冠病毒肺炎疫情应对实践表明,疫情防控救治进程中科技研发应急体系存在并遵循上述运行机制。     

Access to benefits from forest commons in the Western Himalayas

Little statistical evidence exists on the effects of forest management regimes and wealth on forest access rates in South Asia. To determine the magnitude and significance of these effects, this paper analyzes a dataset of communities from Himachal Pradesh, India, with a fractional logit model. The investigation considers three specific forest management regimes including a regime under complete state control, traditional community regime and a co-management regime known as Joint Forest Management. Communities with higher incidence of land poverty have lower forest access rates for grazing and fodder extraction, whereas communities with a higher incidence of land-rich households have higher forest access rates for fodder extraction. Forest access rates for fuelwood collection are lower under traditional and co-management regimes. However, the interaction between land-poverty and co-management regime increases forest access rates for fodder collection and livestock grazing.     

Assessing fishers' empowerment in inland openwater fisheries in Bangladesh

The Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) approach has made a significant contribution towards improvement of fishers' empowerment of inland openwater fisheries in Bangladesh aiming to manage their resources efficiently. This arrangement introduced CBFM approaches named fisher-led, community-led and women-led approach. A wider range of local institutional arrangements as community based organizations (CBOs) have been established through participatory process with legal entity. Now, the CBOs as local institutions and fishers are more empowered in participation of fishery management under co-management arrangement. The study reveals that there is still lack of institutional arrangement to be achieved at optimum level. This paper presents and assesses the empowerment status of the fisher communities in inland openwater fisheries under co-management arrangement in Bangladesh through Factor analysis and regression model. This study might have policy implication to replicate the community based fishery management approach to promote empowerment for better management.     

中国自然保护区社区共管现状分析和改革建议

社区共管在中国自然保护区中已经开展了近60年的试验和探索，但学术研究上仍以个案分析为主，全面性和系统性不足。对自然保护区社区共管的概念、发展和类型进行了研究，提出了不全面、不持续、不有效和不积极4个社区共管问题，并分析了8个问题成因。其中，外部成因主要为权属混乱、体制不顺、资金缺位、法律缺失，而内部成因可概括为思想不一、能力不够、方法不当和研究不足。在自然保护地体制改革的背景下，为进一步完善社区共管机制，研究提出了5项改革建议：1)明确社区共管法律地位，深化各方思想认识；2)分类型、分阶段建立保护区社区共管试点；3)探索多元化的社区协调发展路径；4)确立保护区管理机构社区共管的职能、人员和经费；5)成立跨领域专家小组，建立理论框架和培训体系。     

基于组合权重的人力资源管理外包风险模糊评价

在回顾国内外人力资源管理外包风险研究文献的基础上,归纳总结了人力资源管理外包风险的主要来源。构建了企业人力资源管理外包风险评价指标体系,并利用熵权法确定指标的客观权重、利用层次分析法确定指标的主观权重,再通过权重拟合得到评价指标的综合权重。最后,利用模糊综合评价法,通过实例说明了进行企业人力资源管理外包风险评价的实施步骤。     

知识型企业人力资源价值评价体系研究

知识型企业管理的核心是知识管理,而知识管理的关键是对人的管理。人力资源的开发、运用和管理,首先要解决的是人力资源价值的评价问题。在其他学者研究成果的基础上,探讨了知识型企业人力资源价值评价指标体系的构建方法,并首次提出了人力资源价值指数的概念,为知识型企业人力资源价值管理提供了一种新的方法和思路。     

Case management: an evaluation at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles

This prospective, quantitative, and qualitative evaluation of the case management program at CHLA clearly demonstrated the value of professional service coordination of care for children with complex, special health needs. Most specifically, the program documented improvement in three discrete areas of evaluation: 1. Financial, with decreased unnecessary expenditures and increased revenue. 2. Patient satisfaction, documented with validated questionnaires. 3. Clinical process improvement, using quantifiable clinical outcomes. At the very least, case management is an extremely valuable service in the present managed health care environment, and may in fact be indispensable.     

Clinical RN involvement in bedside-centered case management

Bedside-centered case management implements strategies that effectively reduce the gap between acute-care costs and reimbursement. Ongoing evaluation of patient outcomes, including postdischarge outcomes, is the key to this process.     

多级模糊综合评价在区域土壤资源可持续利用中的应用

多级模糊综合评价是利用模糊数学方法对区域土壤资源系统的各项指标所进行的综合性评价体系,它可以科学反映土壤系统内各要素的互相作用过程,有利于对土壤资源这个复杂的系统进行合理评价,为区域土壤资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

企业持续发展的绩效管理探讨

绩效管理注重组织目标和个人目标的一致性,通过提升个人绩效实现组织绩效的提高,对企业可持续发展具有重要意义。工作分析是绩效管理的基础,工作分析结果是实施绩效管理的依据;绩效考核是绩效管理的一个环节,科学的绩效考核是企业先进管理的重要手段;人力资源是企业持续发展的重要资源,有效的绩效管理可避免人才过度流失。     

我国养老保险个人账户基金管理体制研究

通过比较分析中国养老保险个人账户基金省级集中管理、省级联合管理和中央集中管理三个层次的管理体制方案的优缺点,认为中央集中管理比较符合中国实际,同时对养老保险个人账户基金中央集中管理体制方案进行设计。     

Human resource management for learning through knowledge exploitation and knowledge exploration: Pharmaceuticals in Mexico

This paper investigates the influence of human resource management practices on the likelihood that a firm performs in-house R&D. R&D is broadly interpreted as learning—a mechanism promoting absorptive capacity and supporting technology capability-building. Firms can choose between two learning strategies: they can exploit existing knowledge, or perform more complex explorations and acquire new knowledge. Different knowledge requirements associate with distinct R&D outcomes with varying degrees of novelty for the firm. Findings are supported with evidence from the pharmaceutical industry in Mexico. The analysis reveals positive linkages between human resource management practices and learning at firm level. The relationship is contingent on factors such as expected R&D outcomes, or the novelty of the knowledge required by the firm. The provision of training revealed the more consistent, positive influence on the likelihood that pharmaceuticals firms perform R&D in Mexico.     

Complexities of Decentralization in a Globalizing World

In many developing countries, decentralization programmes for natural resource management aim to induce incentives for sustainable resource management at the local level. The effectiveness of such programmes has, however, suffered from weak property rights to the resource and by the presence of externalities. Growing economic integration among countries has exacerbated these problems by increasing the exposure of local user groups to commercial actors interested in resource extraction. In this paper, the interplay of decentralization and globalization in affecting environmental outcomes and community welfare is analysed through a game-theoretic model of community-firm interactions. The results highlight the complexities of policy design. First, by raising the extractive value of the resource, globalization may lead to communities negotiating resource extraction agreements with firms. Second, with a lack of effective state enforcement of community resource rights, communities may be unable to assume de facto ownership over the resource, while commercial actors succeed in exploiting resources without community consent. No single policy option provides a panacea to counteracting these negative effects. Instead, a mix of policies, combining incentive payments along with the provision of more secure property rights and poverty alleviation is shown to have the potential to improve both environmental outcomes and community welfare.     

Seven tools for creating adaptive policies

Experience demonstrates that policies crafted to operate within a certain range of conditions are often faced with unexpected challenges outside of that range. The result is that many policies have unintended impacts and do not accomplish their goals. Adaptive policies are designed to function more effectively in complex, dynamic, and uncertain conditions. Based on over a dozen case studies on public policies relating to agriculture and water resources management in Canada and India, we conclude that there are seven tools policymakers should follow to create adaptive policies. Adaptive policies anticipate and plan for the array of conditions that lie ahead: (#1) using integrated and forward-looking analysis; (#2) monitoring key performance indicators to trigger built-in policy adjustments; (#3) undertaking formal policy review and continuous learning; and (#4) using multi-stakeholder deliberation. But not all situations can be anticipated. Unknown unknowns and deep uncertainty will always be part of policymaking. Adaptive policies are able to navigate toward successful outcomes in settings that cannot be anticipated in advance. This can be done by working in concert with certain characteristics of complex adaptive systems and thereby facilitating autonomous actions among stakeholders on the ground. To a degree, adaptive policy tools #3 and #4 can be used toward this purpose, but most directly, such autonomous tools include: (#5) enabling self-organization and social networking; (#6) decentralizing decisionmaking to the lowest and most effective jurisdictional level; and (#7) promoting variation in policy responses. This paper elaborates on these seven tools as a pragmatic guide for policymakers who find themselves working in highly complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings.     

新创企业与成熟企业的资源管理过程比较研究

在分析资源管理基本过程的基础上,通过对吉林省长春市46家新创企业和78家成熟企业进行问卷调研,对比分析了新创企业与成熟企业在资源管理过程上的差异,并结合现有理论成果对差异的产生原因进行了分析。对比分析的结果表明:在资源构建阶段,新创企业从外部获取资源比较困难,主要依赖于资源的内部积累;在资源整合阶段,新创企业的改进能力和创造能力均优于成熟企业;在资源利用阶段,与成熟企业相比,新创企业的资源利用能力相对较差。     

基于扎根理论的高校科研人才能力评价分析

利用扎根理论方法对中国世界一流大学建设高校的10位教师进行案例访谈,收集各高校科研人才考核评价标准,形成详细完整的资料,运用Nvivo12软件进行开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码,提取相关概念和范畴。在前期编码基础上,引入复杂系统管理思想,构建包括基本职业素养、教育教学能力、教研科研能力、技术研发能力和专业实践能力的高校科研人才能力分析框架。研究可以更好地激发科研人才创新活力,为促进高校科研人才能力提升提供理论支撑。     

日本人力资源管理模式在中国环境下的挑战与变迁——以日本在华企业为例

为了适应来自外部劳动力市场、文化差异等方面的挑战,日本在华企业放弃了以终身雇佣、年功序列为核心的日本式人力资源管理,转向寻求一种市场导向和业绩导向的人力资源管理模式。日本在华企业人力资源管理模式的这种变迁为探索全球化背景下不同人力资源管理模式的融合提供了一个可供观察的视角,并且对中国企业如何构建高效能的人力资源管理系统具有一定的指导意义。