突破式创新与社会抵触：政商关系的调节作用

在整合社会网络、制度与创新抵制理论的基础上，构建一个调节模型，对241份高技术企业管理人员调查数据进行回归分析，结果表明：基于技术的突破式创新正向影响社会抵触;基于市场的突破式创新与社会抵触呈正U型关系;政治关系正向调节基于技术的突破式创新与社会抵触的关系，而对基于市场的突破式创新与社会抵触的关系没有影响;商业关系对这两种突破式创新与社会抵触的关系均无影响。上述结论丰富了突破式创新与社会抵触关系理论，同时也有助于政府、企业深入理解政商关系的重要性及如何通过构建良好的政商关系减少社会抵触现象。     

入境旅游客源市场结构实证分析——以江苏省为例

运用SSM分析方法,选取江苏省2001年-2009年相关入境旅游统计数据,对江苏省入境旅游市场结构变化进行分析。研究表明：江苏省入境旅游客源市场中,法国、意大利、新加坡和泰国客源市场基础较好,具有较强的竞争力;中国台湾、日本、印度尼西亚、韩国、美国、加拿大、英国、德国、澳大利亚和其他客源市场基础也较好,但竞争能力更具显著优势;除其他地区之外,马来西亚市场基础最好,然而竞争潜力却较弱;中国香港、中国澳门、菲律宾和俄罗斯原有市场基础相对于其理想规模,市场基础较差,但其竞争能力相对优势明显。从整体上看,由于江苏省入境旅游客源市场结构效果指数和竞争力效果指数均大于1,说明现阶段江苏省市场结构相对合理,并且具有一定的入境旅游客源市场竞争优势,同时结合相应的Shift—Share分析图表,给出了不同结构状态下江苏省入境旅游营销策略。     

奖章与陷阱:渐进转轨中的腐败

中国在1970年代后期开始推进以市场化为导向的改革战略，国民经济和社会福利得到迅速的改善和提高，但腐败现象也比较严重；同时，市场化的推进并未能遏制住腐败的扩散，市场化程度较高的地区反而面临着更为严重的腐败现象。通过分析中国的经济转轨过程，本文对此作出了解释。与其他处于经济转轨过程中的经济体相比，中国经济发展所具有的特殊的制度安排既促成了经济的迅速成长，也引发了普遍的腐败问题。它们包括：经济决策的地方分权、双轨制市场化和集体所有的产权形式，这些要素既提高了官员推动经济增长的激励，也促使许多官员以腐败的形式分享经济增长的红利，而以“关系”为基础的社会文化背景、中央政治权威的稳定性有助于减少官员在抽租过程中对经济增长可能产生的负面影响。另外，我们认为，市场化改革对腐败可能产生两方面效应，一方面，市场化通过培育新型的企业家阶层促使大量资源由市场配置，这有助于减少腐败发生的可能性；另一方面．市场化进程通过促进经济增长提高了经济中的租金总量，这成为诱发寻租行为的因素。最终的净效应取决于政府部门的改革。发生在中国的现象可以归结为政府改革的不彻底性。     

Industrial Democracy: Toward an Analytical Framework

The credit card market has evolved into what is defined here as a "peacock market." Analogous to extravagant and inefficient male peacock displays, a "peacock market" has developed to become dominated by elaborate signals that are no longer connected in a meaningful way to price, quality, or efficiency.

The focus of this analysis is on how the institutional framework of the credit card market has evolved. It is concluded that while recent and proposed regulations are beneficial, a peacock market-based strategy is already embedded in current institutional thinking and will be very difficult to reverse.     

企业技术标准形成机制研究——以移动通信为例

从历代移动通信标准的形成过程来看，存在着不同的标准形成机制。本文分析了第一代移动通信的基于市场标准形成机制，第二代的基于市场与委员会混合机制，在此基础上提出了第三代的政府干预下的市场与委员会混合机制，并重点分析了这种机制对标准的形成所发挥的显著作用，探讨了相应的政策含义。     

营销渠道的冲突与管理

营销渠道冲突是指渠道成员之间的目标、理念或行为相互不能满足对方要求的状态.营销渠道冲突有两种类型,即水平冲突与垂直冲突.渠道成员之间的目标差别、决策权与资源竞争、职能缺位、认识差距、沟通不畅等是渠道冲突产生的直接原因.渠道冲突的产生与发展一般要经过四个阶段,即冲突的酝酿、冲突契机的出现、冲突行为的发生、冲突的结果.渠道冲突是客观存在的,可以通过说服、宣传、融合、等待、谈判、仲裁、诉讼、联合、退让等手段对渠道冲突进行管理.     

Diminishing Returns: Carbon Market Crisis and the Future of Market-Dependent Climate Change Finance

The current and future costs of meeting climate change mitigation needs in the global South vastly exceed levels of available funding from public sources in the North. As a possible solution to this problem, policy-makers and various observers have pushed increasingly for the adoption of market-based carbon financing strategies, with the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) representing the most consistent application of this approach to date. Nevertheless, market-based carbon finance remains highly volatile given its heavy dependence on conditions in the broader global carbon market which remains in the throes of a devastating crisis, earning carbon the distinction of 2011s worst performing global commodity. By demonstrating that it is through carbon's market price that finance-generating investment in the CDM is largely derived, and which also determines the ex post value of CDM projects, this paper argues for the decoupling of climate change finance from carbon's market value. The need to do so is particularly pressing since, it is argued, the current crisis in the global carbon market reflects an embedded crisis tendency in that market, born in part from the political machinations through which it was born and which leaves it prone to persisting crises of oversupply.     

The NOx Budget: market-based control of tropospheric ozone in the northeastern United States

The NOx Budget is a marketable emissions allowance system currently being adopted by states in the Northeastern US to reduce tropospheric ozone concentrations to healthful levels in a cost-effective manner. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are currently regulated within the existing Command and Control (CAC) framework. The introduction of a market-based approach will further reduce emissions will not resolve all regulatory uncertainties. These implementation concerns are identified and discussed. Cost savings and emissions reductions patterns which will arise under several different scenarios are determined through the use of a dynamic, relaxed mixed-integer linear programming model of the NOx allowance market. Like other market-based pollution control programs, the NOx Budget is found to be more efficient than CAC options. Restrictions on the market designed to address perceived flaws are found to be expensive but ineffectual.     

Does the innovator role affect the perceived potential for growth? analysis of four types of new, technology-based firms

The present study analyzes interrelationships between systemic determinants, such as the technology applied by the firm, and the evolution of the firm. Four innovator roles of new, technology-based firms are analyzed: application innovators, market innovators, technology innovators and paradigm innovators. The analysis of an empirical sample of 392 new, technology-based firms in Finland finds that application innovators and technology innovators are the oldest and largest among these four groups of firms. On the other hand, the largest potential for growth can be found among market innovators and paradigm innovators. The analysis also suggests that the contentions of the market-based approach to research on new, technology-based firms apply particularly well to application innovators and to market innovators. On the other hand, the contentions of a systemic approach to research on new, technology-based firms may be better suited to paradigm innovators and to technology innovators.     

National appropriation of university innovations: The failure of ink jet technologies in sweden

The present study analyzes interrelationships between systemic determinants, such as the technology applied by the firm, and the evolution of the firm. Four innovator roles of new, technology-based firms are analyzed: application innovators, market innovators, technology innovators and paradigm innovators. The analysis of an empirical sample of 392 new, technology-based firms in Finland finds that application innovators and technology innovators are the oldest and largest among these four groups of firms. On the other hand, the largest potential for growth can be found among market innovators and paradigm innovators. The analysis also suggests that the contentions of the market-based approach to research on new, technology-based firms apply particularly well to application innovators and to market innovators. On the other hand, the contentions of a systemic approach to research on new, technology-based firms may be better suited to paradigm innovators and to technology innovators.     

The time-varying effect of monetary policy in China

A sound understanding of monetary transmission mechanism is valuable because it helps the central bank to determine the proper course of monetary policy to balance growth and inflation. As China’s domestic financial markets deepen and develop further towards a market-based system, the country’s monetary policy instrument and transmission should continue to improve for managing economic conditions. Using a short-term key interest rate as standard monetary policy tool and time-varying parameter techniques, this study empirically demonstrates that China’s monetary policy framework is in the midst of transitioning to a market-based approach.     

Small business in the Russian provinces: Case study evidence from Volgograd

During the 1990s Slovenia has moved toward a more market-based economy with a greater role for the private sector in asset ownership, production and price determination. The Slovenian food industry comprises a small number of producers operating in a comparatively modest market. Primary and secondary data analysis indicates that firms are largely oriented to a domestic market that is significantly protected. This has augmented profitability in the sector, albeit with substantial variations between branches. Profit levels (measured as cash flow as a percentage of turnover) are relatively high. If Slovenia joins the EU, food manufacturers operating in an enlarged European Single Market will not be afforded the degree of protection they currently receive and this heralds a substantial challenge to enterprise managers.     

Appropriation,Formal and Informal Sectors,and Efficient Endowment Distribution

By adding an informal sector whose output is not subject to appropriative interactions and assuming complementarity in the inputs for market production, this paper investigates how possible asymmetries in conflict affect the allocation of resources. It is shown that when the existing gap in relative appropriative skills is being closed, more resources are allocated to appropriative activities in the economy. We are, in this case, more likely to see a reduction in market activities but an increase in home activities. A poorer party is a natural producer rather than a natural fighter, which is the usual characterization of a less endowed party in the conflict analysis. By conducting a welfare analysis, this paper shows that a market-output-maximizing initial distribution of resources endowment is such that when one party has a comparative advantage in market production over appropriation, its initial fraction of total resource endowment should be greater than its relative productivity in market production.     

Market-based regulation of natural gas pipelines

We argue that some forms of market-based regulation allowed within current statutory constraints can outperform traditional rate-setting regulation now used for interstate natural gas pipelines. In particular, a resale market for pipeline capacity rights can yield efficient choices in the short term, even for a natural monopoly pipeline. We also propose applying market mechanisms to setting the pipeline's original rates. The paper reviews experimental evidence on the performance of some of the proposed rate-setting institutions and describes some specific proposals made by pipelines that are consistent with those described here.     

Why the incidence of shirking varies across employers

Existing models of shirking are not consistent with the underlying behavior of employers and employees. In these models, either shirking does not occur in equilibrium or it may occur but the offending employee is immediately dismissed. These conclusions conflict with evidence that shirking is sometimes ignored by firms for many years. To resolve this conflict, the author models the interaction between employer and employees as a finite repeated game, and introduces the quasi-fixed costs of dismissing and replacing an employee. Shirking is distinguished from more serious malfeasant behavior by the criterion of imposing current period costs on the employer that are less than the cost of dismissing and replacing a shirking employee. When both the employer and the employees are rational and there are no informational asymmetries, shirking is not deterred by threat of dismissal. Introducing informational asymmetries leads to an equilibrium where shirking is deterred, to a great extent, by the dismissal threat. Comparative static analysis of the model yields testable implications on the incidence of shirking across firms, and contributes to our understanding of other labor market issues.     

Alcohol consumption in the UK, 1955–85: a system-wide analysis

As a consequence of economic reforms in China, firms have ben affected by three essential changes. First, instead of surrendering all profits to the Government, firms now pay tax on their profits according to a contract between them and the Government and retain the balance as their own controllable surplus. Second, the central economic plan determines only part of firms' production. After fulfilling the command plan, firms are allowed to adjust their production scale by the availability of inputs and the profitability of production. Third, most consumer and investment goods have two prices, a plan price and a market price. As most of the plan prices are always lower than the market prices, the latter play a basic role in determining firms' profits. After a decade of economic reforms, the important question is: can Chinese state enterprises perform like market entities? The analysis shows that Chinese firms in transition domimic the production behaviour of market-based, efficiency-oriented firms.     

中国环境规制对碳排放影响的空间异质性分析

基于1997—2017年中国30个省份的面板数据,将环境规制分成命令型、市场型和自愿型三类,以核密度估计分析碳排放分布的动态变化,采用空间杜宾模型探究了不同环境规制对碳排放影响的空间异质性。结果表明:1997—2017年中国三种环境规制与碳排放量变化表现同步增长,碳排放区域差异明显,命令型环境规制占据主体,市场型环境规制波动性变化特征明显,自愿型环境规制稳步增长;碳排放和环境规制具有明显的空间自相关特征,并且环境规制对邻近地区碳排放减少或增长的影响能力增强;三种环境规制对碳排放的影响均存在空间溢出,相比较而言,市场型环境规制的正向溢出效应最为明显,不同环境规制影响的区域差异特征表现为:命令型环境规制"东部>中部>西部",市场型环境规制"东部>西部>中部",自愿型环境规制"西部>东部>中部"。     

Enhancing innovation through learning: the roles of market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores

Drawing on the organisational learning theory, this study regards market orientation as a market-based learning and seeks to advance insight into how market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores together affect different types of innovation. Our findings from a sample of 246 manufacturing firms provide supporting evidence for the positive effect of market orientation on both explorative and exploitative innovation. The effect of market orientation on innovation gets amplified when firms possess large amount of interorganisational knowledge, demonstrating the synergistic effect produced by different types of learning which is less known. This study, therefore, sheds light on the under-researched area of literature surrounding the interaction between different learning activities and the roles of knowledge from different sources on firm innovation.     

Thinking Like an Economist: The Neoliberal Politics of the Economics Textbook

This article surveys 10 introductory economics textbooks to examine whether and how economics contributed to the rise of neoliberalism. It defines neoliberalism as a political rationality characterized by market constructivism. In contrast with conventional liberal approaches that view limited government as legitimized by the failure of naturalist markets, neoliberalism constructs the market as norm and means of government. Economics textbooks overall have a liberal outlook, as exemplified by Samuelson's classic, however, with three liberal subgenres: the imperfect market view, the free market view, and an institutionalist view. While the introductory textbook cannot be construed as an instruction manual for neoliberalism, the article nevertheless identifies two important neoliberal moments: the discussion of market-based forms of government and the rise of a new genre of principles textbook that urges students to “think like an economist.” The article concludes with novel insights on how economics may have contributed to the spread of neoliberalism.     

The real exchange rate and the black market exchange rate in developing countries

This article tests for the validity of the Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory using both the black market and the official exchange rates for panels with cross sectional dependency. The test is conducted using a newly developed, nonlinear IV panel unit root test that properly handles cross-sectional dependency for thirty-seven developing countries. We find that the null of joint unit root hypothesis is rejected for the whole panel, using the black market exchange rate, and for sub-panels of African and high inflation countries, using either exchange rate. The black market-based real exchange rates are, therefore, shown to provide stronger evidence for the purchasing power parity theory than do the official rates. This finding is consistent with the observation that black market exchange rates better represent market forces and thus are more relevant when testing for the validity of the PPP theory in developing countries.