Assessing the gains from deregulation in Japan's international telecommunications industry

The Japanese government terminated the monopoly of international telecommunications service by Kokusai Denshin Denwa (KDD) as part of the regulatory reform in telecommunications in 1985. Two new carriers entered the market in 1989. In defending its market share, KDD intensified cost reduction efforts and accepted lower profitability in order to carry out a series of sharp rate reductions. I have assessed the size of the net welfare gain associated with the deregulation. Deregulation brought about a 22.2% fall in KDD's unit cost for the eight-year period ending in 1992. Because this efficiency gain was fully passed along to telephone users in the form of lower rates, the corresponding increment of consumer surplus was of significant size, equivalent to 25.6% of total international telephone call revenues in 1992. (JEL L95, O53)     

The impact of foreign direct investment on wages and employment

This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI)on wages and employment When labor-management bargaining isindustry-wide, two effects of FDI are identified; the collusioneffect and the threat-point effect. It is shown that: (i) FDIalways reduces the negotiated wage; (ii) FDI reduces union employmentand the competitive wage if die union cares more about employmentthan wages or is equally concerned about employment and wages.However, if labor-mingement bargaining is firm-specific andunionization is industry-wide, then the above effects of FDIare substantially reduced.     

Evaluate the impact of deregulation within the European Union on the airline operations

Since the first major breakthrough of regulation in June 1984 in Europe, many elements such as customer service level have been affected significantly in airline operation. This paper will represent how customer service level has been influenced in the management of airline operation, which will be focus on three scopes. Above all, the quality of customer service level become much more important than before related to the competitive advantage. Beside, due to the market change a lot, the passengers needs become a crucial factor for the measurement and improvement of customer service level. Finally, the improvement and diversification of product symbolize the dramatic changed of customer service level.     

基于公平就业的反歧视策略探讨

劳动力市场就业歧视集中表现为就业机会、劳动报酬和就业保障等方面的歧视,而引起歧视的原因主要在于制度上、监督上和法律上的缺失。因此,展开反歧视行动,必须从这三方面入手,设计合理的制度,政府切实监督市场运行,法律上制定更有操作性的条款,使得劳动力市场的歧视行为得到有效控制。     

The impact of female employment on male salaries and careers: evidence from the English banking industry, 1890–1941

The late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century British labour market experienced an influx of female clerical workers. Employers argued that female employment increased opportunities for men to advance; however, most male clerks regarded this expansion of the labour supply as a threat to their pay and status. This article examines the effects of female employment on male clerks using data from Williams Deacon's Bank covering a period 25 years prior to and 25 years subsequent to the initial employment of women. It is shown that, within position, women were substitutes for younger men, but not for senior men. In addition, the employment of women in routine positions allowed the bank to expand its branch network, creating new higher‐level positions, which were almost always filled by men.     

破解中国就业歧视:基于美国的经验分析

依然处于经济转轨时期的中国,就业歧视业已成为我们不得不面对的一个普遍问题。就业歧视对我国正在构建的和谐社会是一种严重挑战。建立我国的反就业歧视体制,是目前我国亟待加以解决的一件任务。在与就业歧视斗争方面,美国长达45年的经验为我国提供了有益的启示。基于美国的经验与我国国情,我国需要:政府高层对就业歧视问题予以重视、加快反就业歧视立法、建立中央政府反就业歧视专门机构、对就业歧视现象予以严厉处罚,以及向社会广泛宣传有关反就业歧视法律法规。     

Minimum wage and employment in the fast food industry

Recent empirical studies on the impact of minimum wage legislation generate results that are inconsistent with conventional economic theory. Employing a methodology that compares affected with unaffected areas, these investigations indicate that employment levels are not adversely affected by the imposition of a minimum wage. Two studies in particular focus on the fast food industry. Although one study has come under attack for improperly measuring employment, an interesting theoretical question remains. This paper derives the demand for labor function of a fast food outlet facing price and profit margin constraints dictated by the company. The results of a minimum wage constraint are consistent with current empirical literature.     

The impact of demand management policies on black vs. white employment

This article uses vector autoregression analysis to examine the relative impacts on black and white employment growth of monetary and fiscal actions. It was found that the employment responses to anticipated policy actions, while significant, were generally short-lived, with the exception of the effects of anticipated money growth on white employment. The influences of unanticipated policy changes are of a longer duration. The predominant finding in which black employment growth responded differently from white employment growth was in response to a monetary shock. The black employment response was sharply negative while the white employment response was a gradual increase over nine quarters. The results indicate that this difference occurred only during the 1980s and not in the 1970s and suggests that the effects of bank failures and credit rationing during this period may have significantly hurt minority employment opportunities.     

论现代服务业的隐性就业增长机制

某一产业的发展对就业的促进不仅在于产业本身吸纳劳动力，还在于本产业的发展能促进其他产业的就业，这种隐性的就业机制是产业促进就业的重要方式，应该引起足够的重视。本文根据现代服务业的特性，从乘数效应、产业关联、技术进步和劳动力供需配对四个方面分析了现代服务业的隐性就业机制。     

Racial employment and earnings differentials: The impact of the Reagan Administration

Numerous authors have considered the time paths of black/white employment and earnings differentials. Some have dealt with significant policy change impacts such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This study reports evidence concerning the impact of Reagan administration policy changes. The major drawback to the study is, of course, that the administration’s total impact will no doubt not be felt for years. Regardless, using U. S. Census data through 1984, it was found that the administration had either a mixed effect (relative employment) or no effect (relative income), leaving the decaying position of blacks in the labor market little changed.     

广东城市化、产业发展对用工供求的影响

广东城市化已进入高速增长的中后期阶段,产业发展进入工业化后期阶段,工业化进入重化工业发展阶段。用工的变迁符合城市化、产业发展的一般规律,用工荒成为长期趋势,第一产业用工比例下降,用工结构也在变化,第二产业用工出现结构性矛盾,第三产业用工增长较快,正在成为用工的主体,用工区域集中于珠江三角洲地区。为合理用工供求,文中提出了一些应对之策。     

江苏省产业结构升级对就业结构的影响研究

作为全国的一个经济大省,受国际、国内形势的影响,2010年的江苏经济发展面临严峻的挑战。经济增长和充分就业是宏观经济发展的两大目标,而产业结构是产业之间和产业内部在社会再生产过程中形成的技术经济联系,是经济结构的核心,促进产业结构升级是实现经济增长的关键。本文运用灰色关联分析方法,从横向和纵向两个角度分析江苏省产业结构升级对就业结构的影响,在此基础上提出了促进就业结构优化的建议。     

加入WTO对西部地区产业发展的影响

一、影响 1．对第一产业带来的影响 农产品市场的开放，虽然会对西部地区农业带来一定的冲击，但总体上不会构成严重威胁，其影响应该是利大于弊。这其中最主要的一条就是有利于促进农业内部经济结构和农产品结构的调整和优化。西部农业内部经济结构不够合理，农业的大头在种植业，种植业的大头又在于粮食，而且主要是一种小生产方式，“靠山吃山，靠水吃水”，不是“面向市场种田”。加入WTO之后，依靠外部力皿的影响，可以迫使这些传统的农业生产方式改革，促进西部农业的产业化和高级化。此外，加入WTO还有利于农产品……     

An analysis of the impact of demand and cost factors on employment

Summary Recently attempts have been made by several European researchers to improve the realism of demand for labour functions by introducing the economic lifetime of machinery as a determinant. One of the more well-known studies is that by Den Hartog and Tjan. The article criticizes their clay-clay vintage model, both on theoretical and empirical grounds. Despite some attractive features, an alternative more Keynesian-oriented analysis is not considered to be wholly satisfactory, either. Finally, a synthesis is developed which should be considered as a starting point for new theoretical and empirical work, and which advocates more attention to the replacement of capital goods, rather than to their scrappage, as is done in most vintage models. Faculty of Economics, University of Amsterdam. I am indebted to J. H. von Eije and H. J. Mastenbroek for their research assistance, and to F. A. G. den Butter, H. den Hartog, J. Weitenberg and S. K. Kuipers for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this article. None of these persons is of course responsible for any remaining errors or omissions. This draft circulated under the same title as Research Memorandum No. 7604 of the Department of Economics of the University of Amsterdam. The memorandum was written winter 1975 and circulated after June 1976. Since that date a considerable amount of papers have been published on the subject and the ideas of the author have also changed somewhat. Nevertheless the original content of Research Memorandum No. 7604 has been largely retained.     

The impact of government price discrimination and its equivalence with the tariff

Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen der staatlichen Preisdiskriminierung und deren ?quivalenz zur Zollpolitik. — In diesem Aufsatz wird ein wichtiges nichttarif?res Handelshemmnis — die diskriminierende ?ffentliche Beschaffungspolitik ⦌ystematisch unter weltweiten Wettbewerbsbedingungen untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, da\ es bei dieser Marktstruktur drei verschiedene F?lle gibt. In zwei von drei F?llen gelingt es der staatlichen Preisdiskriminierung, zwei traditionelle Ziele der Handelspolitik zu erreichen, n?mlich die Importe zu vermindern und die heimische Produktion zu erh?hen. Danach wird ein Vergleich zwischen der Politik der staatlichen Preisdiskriminierung und der Zollpolitik in Form einer ?quivalenzanalyse durchgeführt. Das Hauptergebnis ist, da\ eine Zollpolitik die Importe wirksamer verringern kann. Dieses Resultat beruht auf den unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen der beiden handelspolitischen Ma\nahmen auf den Konsum. Au\erdem wird gezeigt, da\ das Niveau der sich auf das Inland beziehenden Variablen, das mit der jeweiligen Politik erreicht wird, nicht ?quivalent ist. Infolgedessen kann die Politik der staatlichen Preisdiskriminierung eine Zollpolitik nicht ersetzen.

---

Résumé L’effet de la discrimination des prix gouvernementales et son équivalence avec la politique douanière. — Cet article présente une analyse systématique d’un obstacle non tarifaire (ONT) important — la politique des achats publics discriminatoires — sous des conditions de concurrence mondiale. L’auteur démontre qu’il y a trois cas distincts dans cette structure de marché. En deux cas la discrimination des prix gouvernementale (DPG) est effective de réaliser les deux buts traditionnels de la politique commerciale, c’est-à-dire d’abaisser les importations et d’augmenter la production locale. Puis, l’auteur présente une comparaison, en manière d’une analyse d’équivalence, entre la DPG et la politique tarifaire. Il arrive à la conclusion principale qu’une politique tarifaire est plus effective en diminuant les importations. Ce résultat est gagné à cause des effets différents de chaque politique sur la consommation. De plus, l’auteur démontre que les niveaux des variables locales obtenus sous chaque politique sont non-équivalents. C’est pourquoi la DPG ne peut pas remplacer une politique tarifaire.

---

Resumen El impacto de discriminación de precios gubernamental y su equivalencia con la tarifa. — Este artículo ha presentado un exámen sistemático de una importante barrera no tarifaria — politica gubernamental de consecución discriminatoria — bajo condiciones competitivas mundiales. Se demostró que existen tres casos diferentes dentro de esta estructura de mercado. Para dos casos se vió que la discriminación de precios gubernamental (DPG) fue efectiva para alcanzar los dos objetivos tradicionales de la política comercial, es decir disminuir las importaciones, y aumentar la producción doméstica. Se prentó una comparación, en la forma de un análisis de equivalencia, entre la DPG y la política tarifaria. La principal conclusión fue que una política de tarifa fue más efectiva para reducir las importaciones. Este resultado se produjo debido a los efectos diferentes de cada política sobre el consumo. También los niveles de variables domésticas obtenidos bajo cada política se mostró que eran no equivalentes. Por lo tanto, es posible que los efectos de la DPG pueden no ser capaces de reemplazar todos los efectos de una política tarifaria.