International Knowledge Spillovers and Technology Imports: Evidence from Japanese Chemical and Electric Equipment Industries

This paper clarifies the role of licensed technology imports by investigating data from over 200 Japanese firms in the chemical and electric equipment industries. The results from various estimation methods suggest that licensed technology imports encourage licensees' innovation, since they enhance foreign knowledge inflow. Moreover, the size of this effect depends on the industry and on firm-specific characteristics such as the technological level. Technology imports tend to have the greatest impact when substitute domestic knowledge is less developed than in foreign countries. The significance of technology imports also varies within each industry according to a firm's R&D capability. J. Japan. Int. Econ., September 2001, 15(3), pp. 271–297. Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ōokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan 152-8550. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: O31, O34, F29.     

The challenge by domestic enterprises to the transnational corporations' domination: A case study of the Argentine pharmaceutical industry

Given the relative reduction in the rate of innovation of the large TNCs operating in the pharmaceutical field and the reduced interest in the Argentine market by most of the TNCs in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, domestic firms have been able to challenge the domination of the pharmaceutical industry by foreign enterprises. Using the techniques of product differentiation, they have been able to launch more new medicines into the market than foreign enterprises. This was done through transfer of technology agreements in a number of cases, relying on non-patented sources for the provision of active components in other cases and devoting some resources to local R and D. As a result of the challenge, foreign participation in the market for finished products in Argentina was not high by international standards (57% in 1972), the majority of the pharmaceutical sub-markets showed a medium degree of business concentration and the ranking of the leading firms included 6 local enterprises among the 15 leaders of the country.     

‘Learning by importing’ in global value chains: upgrading and South–South strategies in the Ugandan pharmaceutical industry

Drawing on global value chain analysis, this article discusses the possibilities for upgrading in a domestically oriented import-dependent industry. The pharmaceutical industry in Uganda consists of a large number of importers, nine of which have upgraded into assembly and four a step further into manufacturing. The industry upgrades by a process of ‘learning by importing’. Although not engaged with global buyers, pharmaceutical producers in Uganda are tied into the global pharmaceutical value chain by international linkages with their suppliers, mainly in India, from whom they access technology and intermediates for production. Hence, this industry is based on South–South networks for production of low-value pharmaceutical products. With the globalisation of the pharmaceutical industry, an increasing number of global lead firms are ceasing to manufacture these products. This study illustrates an alternative form of industrialisation and upgrading that has not been adequately considered in the development of the African pharmaceutical industry.     

Technology spillovers,absorptive capacity and economic growth

By establishing an endogenous growth model with knowledge-driven R&D, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between international technology spillovers, the host country's absorptive capability and endogenous economic growth. The solution to the competitive equilibrium problem shows that long-run growth arises from improvements in absorptive capability and higher human capital stocks, while the relationships between openness, the technology gap and the steady-state growth rate are uncertain. Econometric estimates of China's economic growth are obtained using province level data covering the period 1996–2002. The estimates indicate that technology spillovers depend on the host country's human capital investment and degree of openness, and that FDI is a more significant spillover channel than imports.     

市级财政引导自主研发支出的效果分析

本文从Cropper等人提出的关于公共财政政策可以影响创新研发活动的理论假设出发,分析了无锡市级各项科技财政和自主研发相关经费历年支出的趋势相关性情况,并得到科技事业费作用不显著的结论。     

税收政策激励对企业研发投入的效应研究——以中小型高新技术企业为例

以2009-2011年在中小企业板和创业板上市的信息技术业和生物、医药制造业的公司为样本,运用面板数据,建立回归模型,分析了税收优惠、政府补助、企业规模、资本结构等因素对企业研发投入的影响.研究表明,税收优惠对企业R＆D投入有明显的激励作用,而政府补助则存在一定的抑制作用.企业规模越大、资产负债率越高,R＆D投入强度越大.     

全球化背景下的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品:竞争还是合作?

传统观点将进口产品的涌入单纯视为美国纺织服装产业生存和发展的负面冲击因素。然而,全球化背景下,美国纺织服装产业事实上实施了多项产业转型策略,产业运行与进口产品之间的关系也随之发生了较大变化。本文首先从理论角度对转型后的美国纺织服装产业与进口产品之间的关系进行了系统分析。研究发现,由于产业自身特点和美国特定的生产要素禀赋,美国纺织产业和服装产业选择了截然不同的转型路径,转型后的美国纺织产业与进口产品依然偏向竞争性关系,美国服装产业与进口产品则形成了合作性关系。     

钻石模型中生产要素对我国汽车产业的影响

外资企业的技术优势给国内汽车生产企业带来了竞争压力,促使国内企业纷纷考虑加强研发能力。为此本文用波特的钻石模型作为理论依据,在现有研究的基础之上,加入实际的数据,运用向量误差修正vec模型来分析波特模型中提到的生产要素对我国汽车行业的影响。模型结果显示,工程技术人员占职工比例、专利数量两个变量对汽车行业劳动生产率的长期正向影响在加强,社会固定资产投资和汽车行业固定资产投资对汽车行业劳动生产率的短期效应大于长期效应,长期效应逐渐减弱。我国汽车行业要增强竞争力必须形成自己的专业技术体系,掌握核心技术。     

Baltic iron and the British iron industry in the eighteenth century

Before the revolution in coal technology that swept the British iron industry in the last years of the eighteenth century, native ironmasters were unable to meet the burgeoning demand for malleable bar iron. The shortfall was made good by imports of bar iron from the Baltic, first from Sweden, then from Russia. This article presents new empirical evidence on the role played by Baltic iron in the Georgian economy. It also considers the impact of Swedish and Russian iron on domestic ironmasters as they sought organizational, as well as technological, ways to overcome the energy constraints facing the industry.     

南京发展研发产业的SWOT分析

南京市研发产业的发展居于全国前列,但从总体上来看,南京市研发产业还存在研发投入强度不足、政府支持力度不够、研发支出结构不尽合理等问题。通过对南京市发展研发产业进行SWOT分析,为南京市研发产业的有序发展和结构优化调整提供一定的理论支持和可能的实践途径。     

中国医药产业R&D人力资源发展研究

文章通过收集和分析我国医药产业R&D人力资源连续13年的统计数据以及欧洲、美国的相关行业数据.归纳了我国医药产业R&D人力资源的现状和发展状况,并从国际对比的角度出发,就我国医药产业R&D人力资源发展战略提出了因应对策和建议.     

我国医药产业技术创新发展与策略研究

医药产业是高新技术产业,医药技术创新对于促进企业良性发展,提高竞争力具有重要作用.21世纪,医药产业在世界范围内快速发展,医药技术创新不断向高精尖方向发展,逐渐成为带动一个国家和地区发展的重要力量.我国医药产业创新能力和欧美发达国家相比还存在一定差距,在技术创新上还处于学习和追赶阶段.针对我国医药产业技术创新存在的问题,可以从法律法规、创新体系、激励机制和人才建设方面入手来提高我国医药技术创新能力.     

传统制造企业战略更新的双元路径研究——以海尔集团为例

我国传统制造业面临着技术发展瓶颈、商业模式落后等多重难题。为了帮助传统制造业有效的解决这些难题,该研究运用案例分析法对战略更新双元路径进行了研究：（1）传统制造企业的技术追赶路径是从基础创新能力到集成创新能力再到全面创新能力;（2）传统制造企业商业模式更新路径是从社交场景资源聚集到产品研发能力转型再到商业模式有效更新。     

International drug procurement and market intelligence: Cuba

Cuba's experience during the last 20 years is reviewed as far as international procurement and market intelligence are concerned. The steps taken during that period, in order to provide the Cuban people with the most efficacious medicines at the lowest cost are enumerated and analysed. The paper then discusses several aspects of Cuban drug policy: for instance, promoting national production of drugs; converting active ingredients into pharmaceutical forms; promoting research and development and technological innovation; and establishing an adequate infrastracture, including specialized institutional structures, for the evaluation of technology transfer and development in order to meet the demands made by human beings and animals on the pharmaceutical industry. The article also discusses the functions of Medi-Cuba dealing both with foreign commerce and its role as a drug intelligence centre for the pharmaceutical industry and research establishment.     

工业企业R&D支出与第二产业生产总值关系研究——以湖北省为例

近些年来,科研机构、企业以及高校都越来越重视科研投入,从实际看,企业科研投入的成果转化速度最快。依据2003-2014年湖北省统计数据,从实证角度分析了规模以上工业企业R&D（研究与开发）经费支出与第二产业生产总值增长之间的关系,结果表明R&D支出对第二产业生产总值增长具有显著的激励效应。据此还对R&D投入绩效进行了简要评价,为政府科研政策制定和企业研发投入提供参考。     

Host country competition,labor skills,and technology transfer by multinationals

Host Country Competition, Labor Skills, and Technology Transfer by Multinationals. — This paper examines the impact of local competition and the availability of skilled labor on the technology imports of foreign MNC affiliates in Mexican manufacturing industries. The authors find that proxies for local competition and labor skills are positively related to the recorded technology imports of foreign owned affiliates. The effects of competition appear to be particularly strong in intermediate and consumer goods industries, while the availability of skilled labor seems to be particularly important in durable and capital goods industries. Thus, government policies aiming to create a competitive climate and improve labor quality may also promote inflows of modern technology.     

Determinants of R and D Activity in Japan

Numerous studies by Schumpeter (1950), Comanor (1965, 1967), Mansfield (1988), and Scherer (1992), among others, have identified and analysed various causes and motivations for firms'innovative activity including firm size, profitability, market concentration, 'returns'to R and D investment, and interfirm rivalry.¹ Recent international trade studies indicate that comparative advantage results partly from investment in R and D.
According to Takenaka (1991), R and D activity in Japan is primarily led by the private sector, it is becoming more capital-intensive, and has a higher marginal profitability. He also argues that despite the strong relationship between R-and-D-intensive industries and technology imports (which fuels the criticism that Japan 'freeloads'on the R and D activity of other countries), basic research as a percentage of R and D spending is higher in Japan than in the US. Mansfield states, however, that Japanese basic research has not been productive and that much of Japan's success is due to its 'applied R and D'. Another important difference, Mansfield points out, is that R and D spending is more positively related to firm size in Japan than in the US.²
This paper analyses the determinants of R and D spending in Japan. In particular, it looks at the relationships between R and D activity and factors such as firm size, profitability and the degree of competition or rivalry in the market. The study uses cross-sectional data for a number of major industries in Japan.     

我国地区研发效率的演变和收敛性特征——基于随机前沿方法的分析

随着研发投入的不断加大,我国对研发效率的重视也在逐渐提高。提高研发效率是增强创新能力、提高创新产出的有效途径。文章运用随机前沿分析方法对我国2005-2012年的省际面板数据进行分析,考察了30个省份研发效率的演变趋势以及我国整体和分地区研发效率的收敛性问题。研究结果表明:我国研发效率地区差异较大,且省际之间和各省不同年份之间的波动性都比较大;从整体来说,我国各省研发效率不具有收敛的趋势,但是分地区来看,东部地区研发效率具有收敛性,而中部和西部地区各省份研发效率则不具有收敛性。     

海南自贸港12个重点产业的科技支撑能力提升策略

12个重点产业对海南省经济社会发展具有重要意义,但普遍存在科技能力不足的问题.研究发现:海南高新技术产业发展相对滞后,相较于2013年,2018年规模以上工业企业的研发人员投入和专利产出均较大幅度减少;企业的研发主体地位不突出,企业在全社会研发经费中的占比低;全省科技投入强度弱,技术市场发展相对滞后,省内企业对技术的需求有待挖掘.借鉴农业机械和医药制造的科技支撑产业发展经验,提出强化政府引导、保障技术供给、挖掘技术需求方面的建议,着力提高科技对12个重点产业的支撑引领能力.     

中国科技金融对高技术产业影响研究

利用1995年到2011年的时间序列数据研究了我国科技金融对高技术产业的影响,结果显示我国的科技金融对高技术产业具有一定的支持促进作用。政府科技投入和金融机构科技贷款对高技术产业具有较显著的支持促进作用,但资本市场与R&D人员投入量对高技术产业的促进作用不明显。同时,国际金融危机也对我国高技术产业造成了一定的负面影响。