Patents and trademarks in pharmaceuticals

While the role of patents and trademarks in reinforcing the market power of TNCs operating in the pharmaceutical industry is beyond doubt, the possibilities of reducing such market power through public policies dealing with industrial property in developing countries are less clear. Evidence on policies aimed at eliminating or weakening patent rights, and/or at promoting the use of generic names instead of trademarks for pharmaceuticals is examined. It is concluded that these policies are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for modifying the current market structure of the pharmaceutical industry in developing countries.     

Irrigation: Research and development∗

Some main features of proceedings of a 1985 workshop are presented. In Africa, irrigation has had limited success, and there have been many costly failures. Bureaucratic ineptitude, inadequate farmer incentives and participation, and gigantism are important causes. Technical, institutional and socio‐economic constraints complicate irrigation planning and development. Hydro‐agricultural projects have political, social, economic and ‘grey area’ objectives. Various ecological effects have in the past received insufficient attention. Crop and input selection should be based on the marginal principles of scarcity. In the long run, farmer settlement should veer towards individual tenure, although mixed modes can play a useful role. Water pricing systems should be adjusted to local conditions. Research should increasingly involve existing dynamic models as well as models still to be developed.     

墨西哥馆:由“风筝”组成的奇幻世界

墨西哥馆是一座由风筝组成的奇幻世界.在墨西哥官方语言西班牙语中, 风筝一词来自纳瓦特尔语中的papalotl,原意为蝴蝶.在墨西哥,风筝代表人们对未来美好生活的企盼,而风筝又起源于中国,它将作为中国和墨西哥两种古老文化中的共同因素,意喻未来的无限腾飞与发展,也作为两国友好进程的象征和见证.     

Youth Education and Work in Mexico

A holistic approach to schooling in developing countries—considering schooling in conjunction with labor force work, child care, and other household responsibilities—is necessary to construct policies that will encourage greater educational attainment, especially for children and youth in poor families. Using data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU), we jointly estimate the determinants of studying and working, doing both, or doing neither for 12- to 17 year-olds in urban Mexico. We consider the implications of defining work to include both labor force employment and household domestic work, in contrast to the traditional definition of market-based employment. Results based on the traditional definition indicate that girls are 13.8 percentage points more likely than boys to specialize in school, while those based on the more inclusive measure of work indicate that girls are 7.7 percentage points less likely than boys to specialize in school.     

The right pharmaceuticals at the right prices: Consumer perspectives

This article describes the general concerns which have led the consumer movement to become increasingly active and vocal on health issues at the international level. Several surveys carried out by consumer organizations into the promotional activities of drug companies revealed that an enormous quantity of bad information was being given to the developing countries at rather heavy cost. The international consumer movement has thereby become increasingly involved in lobbying and campaigning to protect consumer interests, while continuing its vital work in consumer education and research. An action coalition - the Health Action International (HAI) - was set up in 1981 to act as a spearhead of this campaign. It is to ensure a sort of quality control over the activities of the bodies interested in health and health-related issues, such as drug supplies. This paper describes the studies, reports and activities of HAI, including a draft code which they have issued in response to the IFPMA's own code.     

我国药品监管人才队伍建设问题及建议

当前,我国药品监管人才队伍建设存在监管人才队伍总量不足、结构不合理、素质低和能力偏弱等一些突出问题,严重影响了药品监管工作的质量和效率,这主要是由于我国专业技术人才管理理念和人事管理制度落后,现行药品监管体制不合理,药品监管人才准入制度缺失等因素造成的,亟需创新药品监管人才人事管理制度,构建适宜药品监管队伍人才建设的体制机制和制度框架。     

Trade policy in Mexico

This paper provides an evaluation of the trade policies applied in Mexico in the last quarter century (1956–1982). It examines the policies in three well-defined periods: (1) 1956–1971, considered to be a period of relative stability following the rapid inflation and devaluations of the first post-war decade, though characterized by increasing overvaluation of the peso; (2) March 1972–December 1976, beginning with the acceleration of government spending under President Echeverria and ending with the devaluations of the peso; (3) December 1976–December 1982, covering the Presidency of José López Portillo. For each period, the author discusses macroeconomic policy, trade policy developments and changes in Mexican exports and imports and their contribution to industrial growth. Having demonstrated the interdependence of macroeconomic and trade policies, the paper concludes with recommendations for policy reform, e.g. for remedying macroeconomic disequilibria, reducing price distortions and reforming trade policy, with a view to moving towards an outward-oriented development strategy in Mexico.     

墨西哥阿卡普尔科市

阿卡普尔科在古代只是一个小渔村,自1550年才有人在此居住,1599年正式建市.1565至1815年间,阿卡普尔科市是墨西哥与菲律宾进行贸易的主要港口.     

Rent sharing in the multi-fibre arrangement: The case of Mexico

Rent Sharing in the Multi-Fibre Arrangement: The Case of Mexico. —This paper investigates the existence of market power and the distribution of rents in the market for Mexico’s exports of apparel to the United States under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA). In the case of Mexico, rents from MFA restrictions are probably very small. The adjusted price of Mexican exports is consistently below the price for U.S. production, indicating that rent sharing may be taking place. Alternative explanations for the price difference are tested. The final result indicates that rent sharing may exist in woven shirts and underwear. In particular, U.S. importers may receive up to 49 percent of available rents.     

电子商务与物流发展的若干问题研究

本文就电子商务与物流关系及对其的影响进行了探讨,并基于中国现实国情指出了电子商务环境下的物流发展模式,最后分析了我国现存的电子商务发展物流的瓶颈并提出相关建议。