地理位置对公办养老机构与民办养老机构竞争关系影响研究

文章在考虑养老机构竞争受地理位置影响的基础上,建立了公办养老机构与民办养老机构的博弈模型。结果表明:老年人分布结构变化对公办及民办养老机构的利润带来相反方向的变化,且不完全市场覆盖下老年人分布结构变化对养老机构的影响程度更大;当政府对养老机构投入差距较小时,民办养老机构选址可以离公办养老机构更近,当投入差距较大时,选址应适当离公办养老机构更远;老年人对距离的厌恶程度越大,完全市场覆盖情形下养老机构的利润有所增加,不完全市场覆盖情形下的养老机构利润有所减少;养老机构周边老年人密度越大,服务成本系数差距及距离厌恶系数对其利润的影响越大。     

A comparison of the wage structure between the public and private sectors in Japan

This study compares the wages in the public and private sectors in Japan. In addition to comparing overall wage levels, we examine the differences in the wage structures, specifically, the relative wages by gender, age, education, and region. The size of the public sector wage premium depends crucially on the size of the private companies chosen as the comparison group. Wage gaps by gender and educational attainment are smaller in the public sector than they are in private companies. The public sector's age–wage profile is steeper than that of the private sector. Public sector wages are more compressed. In other words, the wages are relatively higher at the lower end of the wage distribution and relatively lower at the higher end. The regional wage differentials are smaller in the public sector. Here, the wage levels of public sector workers are relatively higher in rural regions and relatively lower in large metropolitan regions. To ensure the efficient provision of public services, it is inappropriate to compare only mean wages.     

加强民办高校贫困生资助管理的对策思考

目前贫困生在民办高校的比例占学生总人数的5％～10％左右，但是，目前对贫困生资助的研究都集中在公办高校，对民办高校关注较少。因此，探索研究民办高校贫困生资助管理问题对真正实现高等教育的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

Who Participates in Labor-Intensive Public Works in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Rural Botswana and Kenya

Provision of low-wage menial employment through public works schemes promises to provide low cost targeting of the poor, especially in rural areas where instruments for income transfer are scarce. Findings from survey-based studies in rural Botswana and Kenya show that the working poor are more willing to participate in public works schemes, especially those with few assets and limited access to private income transfers. Access to short-term employment through these schemes appears to improve the net income of the very poor and decrease poverty among the rural poor. The significant number of nonpoor in the schemes, indicates however a need for improving poverty targeting through setting wage rates that closely reflect the labor supply characteristics of the poor in rural labor markets. In addition, these schemes have to be complemented with other income-transfer interventions to ensure that the poor who fail to meet work requirements are not excluded from public assistance.     

Accessing Modern Science: Policy and Institutional Options for Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries

The private sector dominates biotechnology research in industrialized countries, but there are major market failures in developing countries in accessing the new tools and technologies. The public sector, national and international, will have to play a major role in filling this gap. This paper provides an overview of options that countries of different sizes and capacities can employ to gain access to the research tools and technologies that they need to address issues of relevance to poor producers and consumers. Particular attention is given to how public–private partnerships and market segmentation are being employed to access proprietary tools and technologies.     

Wage Returns to Schooling in Nigeria

Abstract: In the last two decades, primary and secondary school enrollment rates have declined in Nigeria while enrollment rates in post‐secondary school have increased. This paper estimates from the General Household Survey for Nigeria the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self‐employed workers. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2–4 percent, but are substantial at post‐secondary education level, 10–15 percent. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in enrollments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase school quality have higher private returns. With high private returns to post‐secondary schooling, students at this level should pay tuition, to recoup more of the public costs of schooling, which may be redistributed to poor families through scholarships.     

Effects of Government Spending on the Current Account with Endogenous Time Preference

This paper extends a previous model to set up a small open economy with perfect capital mobility, and examines the effects of an unanticipated permanent rise in public spending on the optimal rates of private consumption and the current account. The novelty of the paper is consideration of the relationship between private and public consumption in the household's utility function as well as endogenous rates of time preference. It is found that the key factor determining the adjustment patterns of private consumption and the current account is the marginal utility of private consumption and of public spending, which results from endogenous recursive preferences.     

Does public expenditure management matter for education outcomes?

This paper examines the significance of public expenditure management for primary education outcomes in public schools in two South African provinces (Gauteng and North West). Using cross-sectional data from 175 public primary schools and 13 local education offices, the analysis finds that while misappropriation of education funds (leakages) is not strongly associated with poor education outcomes, delays on the part of the government in disbursing funds to schools are correlated with Grade 5 dropout rates. The paper finds no evidence that public expenditure and total resource wealth (including public and private contributions) are significantly associated with education outcomes. Increased spending on learning and teaching support materials is associated strongly with lower Grade 1 and Grade 7 repetition rates. The paper also finds that repetition rates are driven strongly by poverty indicators at the district level, while dropout rates are driven strongly by district and school inefficiency.     

The Legacy of Serrano: The Impact of Mandated Equal Spending on Private School Enrollment

In Tiebout's idealized world, families would sort into homogeneous communities. Each family would get its preferred quality of public schools and there would be no demand for private schools. But limited public school options and a demand for religious instruction not permitted in public schools create a market for private schooling. Recently, many state governments have greatly limited districts' freedom to spend what they wish on education, often in response to court rulings to equalize education spending, such as Serrano in California. Funding equalization also affects the level of public school spending in the average state district; if this rises, as it has in many states, private schools become less attractive. Examining private school enrollment in 159 metropolitan areas in 1970, 1980, and 1990, we find that private school enrollments fall as average public spending rises and increase as public spending becomes more equal.     

公共产品的市场供给方式

传统理论认为公共产品是不能通过市场有效提供的,或者说市场在提供公共产品上是失灵的,但随着社会发展和制度的创新,越来越多的私人投资涉及公共产品领域。分析公共产品私人供给的必要性、可行性及其方式,进而探讨其市场供给对政府治理结构的影响,有助于加深对公共产品私人供给与政府治理结构转型的认识。     

Accommodating the elderly poor: almshouses and the mixed economy of welfare in England in the second millennium

This article provides an outline of the development of the English almshouse across the second millennium, and its place within the broader spectrum of social welfare. It discusses the evolution of the almshouse into its modern form, as privately endowed housing dedicated to the elderly poor. It presents the results of new research that provides a firmer quantitative foundation for consideration of the role of the almshouse in welfare history and revisits the issue of the mixed economy of welfare to demonstrate the complex relationship between public and private provision.     

The Great Compression of the 1940s: The Public versus the Private Sector

Between 1940 and 1950 wage differentials narrowed substantially, a phenomenon that economic historians have called the “Great Compression.” This paper dis-aggregates the Great Compression into changes within and between the public and private sectors. We show that wage differentials declined in the public sector as well as in the private sector; had the public sector decline not taken place, the Great Compression would have been substantially smaller. In this regard, the experience of the 1940s stands in stark contrast with that of the past two decades, during which a relatively rigid public sector wage structure has dampened overall increases in wage inequality.     

我国上市公司债务结构对业绩影响的实证研究

从公开债务（即公共债务）和非公开债务（即私人债务）的角度,分别研究了上市公司的公共债务资产比例,私人债务资产比例以及资产负债率对公司业绩的影响,发现公共债务在公司治理方面起到了显著的积极作用,而私人债务却由于其对经理人的软约束,并不利于公司整体业绩的提高和长远的发展。     

R&D Subsidies,Spillovers, and Privatization in Mixed Markets

We examine the use of subsidies to research and development (R&D) in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers, but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production; however, it does not lead to the equalization of per firm output and therefore to an efficient distribution of production costs. We also find that privatization of the public firm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided.     

混合寡头内生行动顺序问题研究：一个综述

本文对关于混合寡头中内生行动顺序问题的英文文献进行一个综述。混合寡头分成三种类型：由公有企业和本国私有企业组成的类型,由公有企业和外国私有企业组成的类型,由公有企业、本国私有企业和外国私有企业组成的类型,逐类综述在企业生产同质产品并进行产量竞争的假定下研究混合寡头内生行动顺序的文献,然后分析在其它假定下的文献。本综述得到的基本结论为：1、在企业生产同质产品并进行数量竞争的假定下,公有企业与本国私有企业同时行动不可能成为均衡;2、混合寡头内生行动顺序依赖于不同的模型设定。文章最后指出了基本结论对未来的研究的启示。     

The experience of private investment in the South African water sector: The Mbombela Concession

South Africa is a water-stressed country that over a protracted period has suffered from poor water service delivery. The major problems are inefficient operations, lack of capacity in spending allocated budgets, unclear management structures, and a long-term decline in capital expenditure. Economists have long argued that private investment will bring good fiscal control and efficient structures and will improve service delivery. However, there may be trade-offs between this improved economic efficiency and the necessity to pursue more egalitarian social outcomes. The purpose of this research is to explore the experience of private-sector investment on operational efficiencies and social objectives in the South African water sector in the Mbombela Concession. The study concludes that, in this case, private investment has enhanced service delivery by improving efficiency, technical skills and the capacity to spend allocated budgets without any significant negative impacts on equitable water distribution.     

Private participation in infrastructure project and its impact on the project cost

While public–private partnerships (PPPs) have become an increasingly popular approach in both developed and developing countries, very little is known about whether or not PPPs are more efficient than pure-public or pure-private modes. Building on some recent work studying PPP issues this paper improves the understanding of public–private capital structures, provides some theoretical considerations as well as empirical evidence that private participation affects PPPs cost through the knowledge-transfer effect and the cost-increase effect, and demonstrates a U-shaped relationship between the project costs and private shares. Empirical analysis also finds that the private shares in China's infrastructure PPPs are excessive, and BOT (build, operate, and transfer) projects, compared to other PPP types, are not efficient in China.     

Pirates and invaders: Land acquisition in urban Colombia and Venezuela

In Bogotá the poor purchase the land on which they build their homes; in Valencia they invade public and private land. Why are there such different attitudes on the part of the state in the two cities? Why indeed do the local authorities discourage land invasion in Bogotá but permit illegal subdivisions, while in Valencia invasion settlements aresometimes positively encouraged and usually serviced? Does the difference lie in the local political situations, in the nature of the land market, in the planning or legislative framework or in the attitudes of the poor? Whatever the exact cause one fact remains clear; both mechanisms provide the poor with sufficient land to maintain political stability and to prevent incursions into the housing areas of the rich. Such outcomes are encouraged by the policies of the local service and planning agencies. So successful are these mechanisms indeed, that rather than providing a threat to the political and economic system, invasions and pirate urbanizations actively support it.     

Public capital and small firm performance

Previous research on the role of public capital (infrastructure) in private production has emphasized potential complementarities between public and private capital at an aggregate level. Presumably such effects, if they exist, arise from benefits enjoyed by individual units of production. Because of the potential for them to be location-specific or capital constrained, it is conceivable that small businesses may benefit disproportionately from public capital. Tests using financial data for 871 small firms from 1992–96 indicate a positive and statistically significant elasticity between private labor productivity and the level of public capital in the area where the firms are located. Such a positive elasticity provides further evidence that public and private capital are complementary inputs into production and has important policy implications.This research has been supported through a grant from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, the support for which the authors gratefully acknowledge.     

Global Public Finance and Funding the Millennium Development Goals

Summary The members of the United Nations have agreed to the Millennium Development Goals, but there remains a major challenge of funding these ambitions. This paper examines alternative sources of development funding: global taxes, new Special Drawing Rights, the International Finance Facility, a global lottery, and increased private transfers. The paper suggests that “global public finance” can contribute to the public debate about these alternatives. It indicates how progress can be made without unanimity, that subsidiarity can increase national acceptance, and draws attention to the implications of the changing world distribution of income.Based on the Fourth Jelle Zijlstra Lecture given at the Free University, Amsterdam, on 12 December 2005. I am most grateful to Antony Burgmans, the discussant, and other members of the audience, for their comments.