法定数字货币:重构跨境支付体系及中国因应

数字货币缘起于密码学在货币金融领域的发展,经历了加密货币、稳定币到法定数字货币的发展历程,其实质是主权国家与私人发行者围绕数字货币"铸币权"展开的博弈.区块链和分布式记账技术赋予了加密货币去中心化的信用机制与技术特点;稳定币通过与储备资产"锚定",解决了加密货币币值波动的问题;由中央银行发行、国家信用背书的法定数字货币兼具法定货币的币值稳定性,以及由加密技术和区块链等赋能的创新优势,有望弥补传统跨境支付体系在现代化和便利性等方面的不足,从而实现跨境支付体系的重构.鉴于此,在地缘格局与经济结构深刻调整的背景下,中国有必要进一步加强央行数字货币的研发,推动数字人民币试点,参与和引领跨境支付体系重构进程,构建与之相适应的跨国监管机制.     

央行法定数字货币发行的驱动力、影响推演及政策建议

当前,央行法定数字货币正在紧密推进过程中,其迅速发展的背后有着深刻的驱动力因素.数字货币是电子货币进一步发展的产物,其中又分为央行发行的法定数字货币和私人发行的加密数字货币,而广义的数字货币则与电子货币是同义词.类似互联网企业发行的虚拟货币,也是电子货币的一个子集.具有经济发展稳健性和良好货币发行信用的国家所推出的央行法定数字货币是未来数字货币发展的主流,但这并不意味着私人部门发行的数字货币毫无价值.央行法定数字货币可以提高人民币在国际货币体系中的影响力,借助大数据技术提升对经济的预测、调控能力,降低货币的印刷、发行、流通成本.中国要从市场竞争的角度优化央行法定数字货币的用户体验,丰富央行法定数字货币的运营场景,积极开展国际合作和公私部门合作,完善央行法定数字货币的法律监管制度,从而提升央行法定数字货币的竞争力,形成多层次的数字货币体系.     

数字欧元的最新进展和战略考量

近年来,多国央行推出央行数字货币。与私人加密货币不同,央行数字货币是由货币当局发行的数字化的法定货币。在公众偏好转向无现金支付,支付市场供应商结构发生变化,以及对国外支付工具和技术的依赖风险加大的背景下,欧洲央行将发展数字欧元提上日程。在经历了评估、调查两个阶段后,2023年10月数字欧元进入准备阶段,在立法和规则设定方面为数字欧元的发行铺平道路。欧洲央行发行数字欧元的战略考量包括确保公民能够继续信任数字支付背后的货币锚,强化欧洲央行实施货币政策和维护金融稳定的能力,进一步促进欧洲一体化,以及通过提高欧元区对非欧洲支付解决方案的独立性来加强欧元区的战略自主权。随着越来越多经济体央行对央行数字货币的态度从审慎保守转向积极进取,数字欧元将对国际货币体系产生深远影响。     

央行数字货币创新研究新进展

为应对私人数字货币的挑战,央行数字货币正逐渐成为经济学、计算机科学领域的热点研究问题。本文对央行数字货币领域的技术架构研究进行梳理,对央行数字货币与其他支付方式的货币竞争研究进行总结,还归纳了央行数字货币对经济体系影响的有关研究,并据此对未来央行数字货币的研究方向进行展望。未来研究可从如下方面着力：央行数字货币全球竞争的实证研究;发行央行数字货币的经济效应研究;央行数字货币的安全和隐私保护机制研究;央行数字货币的可拓展性研究。     

私人部门数字货币对金融资产的波动溢出效应——基于比特币跨市场信息传递视角

在我国进行央行数字货币试点的特殊背景下,监测私人部门数字货币产生的影响对于引导主权数字货币功能建设和防范化解风险均具有重要意义.本文评估以比特币为代表的私人部门数字货币对金融资产的波动溢出效应,并分析风险传染的网络拓扑结构.研究表明,比特币对全球性避险资产没有形成波动净溢出,是风险波动的净接收方;我国对私人数字货币的监管效果明显,2018-2019年离岸人民币与比特币的信息关联度显著降低;芝加哥商品所将私人数字货币业务引入传统金融市场增加了比特币对美国金融市场的风险溢出,需要在风险层面进一步论证.研究建议监管数字货币及其衍生产品要以市场实际运行作为重要参考,面对私人数字货币的风险溢出应充分发挥央行数字货币的国际影响力,扩展主权数字资产在金融市场中的份额.     

中央银行数字货币的发展逻辑与国际镜鉴

近年来,区块链技术深度介入货币金融行业,驱动了数字货币的快速演进,形成了私人、机构与法定数字货币的分化发展。其中,中央银行数字货币作为法定数字货币的重要构成,因其具有技术创新下货币物理形态发展的客观性,充分发挥货币政策与宏观调控的稳定性,维护货币主权并推进货币国际化的迫切性,成为众多国家大力发展的货币载体。然而,央行数字货币在发展中同样面临货币发行权、法偿性、金融风险防范、个人信息保护等难题。通过采用比较研究方法,从理论层面剖析为何全球出现三条不同的央行数字货币发展路径,并充分借鉴其实践的共识经验,进而提出促进我国央行数字货币稳健发展的建议。     

国际私人数字货币对中国经济的影响与应对之策

数字经济时代背景下,数字技术引领数字企业商业生态变革,区块链技术赋能的私人数字货币应运而生.作为数字经济的重要组成部分,私人数字货币颠覆了传统的货币体系,对全球经济秩序产生了深远影响.私人数字货币的潜在经济影响主要包括:导致私人数字货币市场垄断、引发通货膨胀或通货紧缩、颠覆传统货币支付体系.私人数字货币对法定货币的影响主要包括:削弱主权国家货币地位、诱发铸币权由政府向企业转移、降低传统货币政策的有效性.面对国际私人数字货币对中国经济社会的潜在影响,中国应突破现有数字技术瓶颈,加快中国法定数字货币落地;深化法定数字货币国际化合作,推进人民币国际化进程;整合数字企业力量,探索中国数字货币发展新模式.     

中美数字货币监管比较

数字货币作为区块链技术驱动下的新兴产物,受到众多投资者的追捧.但其法律监管缺失、技术漏洞等问题冲击了金融市场的安全和稳定,严重影响了经济社会的良好运转,许多国家纷纷出台监管政策来保障数字货币的合理运行.本文在描述区块链和数字货币概念的基础上,主要梳理了美国和中国两个国家的数字货币监管情况及特征,比较了两国的监管态度及手段,最后有针对性地对我国数字货币的监管措施提出建议.     

解读“央行数字货币”涵义 甄别“数字货币”种类

数字货币是金融领域的新生事物,自从比特币横空出世以来,陆续出现的以太坊、莱特币、狗狗币等等,名目繁多而且随即出现的各种归类也是网络随性中,诸如:主流币、山寨币、稳定币、空气币、传销币等等。2019年8月10日中国人民银行支付结算司负责人介绍说:央行数字货币的研究已经进行了五年,正是呼之欲出之际。但是随着全球疫情的爆发与蔓延,估计推出日程表将会受到一定的影响。2020年7月20日据日本共同社报道,日美欧七国集团(G7)基本决定了在发行央行数字货币方面展开合作。从币圈知识星球的荒芜来看,前几年的币圈是一个鱼龙混杂的圈子,乘着大家对于数字货币和区块链还非常陌生的机会,传销币割走了不少"韭菜"。为此,我国出台了相应的法律法规,严厉打击了传销币的经销头目、分销头目,也警醒了传销活动的积极参与者。针对央行数字货币、企业数字货币、传销币、传销盘等进行了种类的梳理和甄别。     

区块链金融助力中小企业发展

近年来,缺乏有效监管的互联网金融频现违约风险。区块链技术对互联网金融是一次新颠覆,文章分析了中小企业融资难的主要原因,阐述了区块链金融信息高透明、难篡改、去中心化、去平台化的优势,提出了未来的区块链金融模式下,将区块链技术引入金融信贷市场,通过点对点方式将分散客户联系在一起,货币清算结算、数字节点,把金融活动的参与者组成的分布式数据库,这将改变传统的直接融资模式与间接融资模式,并能从根本上改变融资双方信息不对等地位,从而破解中小企业融资难的现实难题。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。