家族企业主的政治联系、制度环境与慈善捐赠——基于全国私营企业调查的实证研究

家族企业的慈善捐赠是中国慈善事业的中坚力量,探究其影响因素对深化理解家族企业行为具有重要价值。文章基于2012年全国私营企业调查数据,采用Tobit回归模型,研究了家族企业主的政治联系、制度环境对慈善捐赠的影响。研究发现家族企业主的政治联系促进慈善捐赠行为,具有政治联系的家族企业主比没有政治联系的家族企业主更多地进行慈善捐赠,政治联系级别越高,慈善捐赠水平也越高。当企业所处地区的制度环境更完善时,政治联系对慈善捐赠的促进作用减弱。文章揭示了家族企业慈善捐赠行为的部分规律,对推动中国慈善事业的发展具有一定的政策含义。     

Institutionalisation without internalisation. The cultural dimension of French-German conflicts on European Central Bank independence

When accepting the Maastricht treaty, the members of the Euro-zone agreed on the establishment of a very independent European Central Bank (ECB). Over the years, however, French political leaders systematically brought forward proposals undermining the ECB’s independence, much to the dismay of their German counterparts. This pattern of political disagreement on central bank independence has again surfaced during the current sovereign debt crisis, and has contributed to the discord amongst the Euro-zone members on the causes and proper solutions to the problems. This article conducts tests of various factors generally expected to influence the preference for central bank independence. It shows that economic explanations are unable to account for the persistent differences amongst European member-states on this issue. In contrast, national differences in political and economic culture and especially a nation’s score on the dimension Power Distance—its acceptance of centralisation of power in political leaders or institutions—does show a correlation with the different levels of internalisation of the norm of central bank independence. These findings show that institutionalisation of economic norms does not imply their internalisation by the political and the economic elite. In the broader context of current European politics, this may mean that even if European leaders will be able to come up with a common institutional answer to the current crisis, more profound convergence of their underlying economic and political cultures is needed for the successful and sustainable implementation of these solutions.     

Corporate Networks and Business Groups in Argentina in the Early 1970s

This article examines the interlocking directorates' structure of prominent Argentine business groups at the end of the import substitution period (1970–72), identifying corporate relations among and between business groups and the largest companies, during a period characterised by high institutional and macroeconomic instability. Applying social network analysis, it seeks to clarify how business groups can contribute to the cohesion of a corporate network structure, through their ability to create links among firms not only within their boundaries but also external to them. The article contributes to both corporate network and business groups' literature, highlighting a role of business groups that extant literature has failed to identify as relevant.     

制度变迁与女性创业者崛起——来自LN家族的案例

以一个长时段的女性主导的家族创业为例,考察制度变迁与中国女性创业者崛起的关系,既有理论的必要性、也有现实的合理性。作者采用扎根理论方法,构建了基于制度理论的分析模型,用研究中自然涌现的"男女平权、创业合法化、女性创业能力"三个基本要素刻画了女性创业者崛起的关键因素。研究结果显示,制度变迁的发生顺序造就了中国女性创业者的崛起,集权体制具有发起大规模社会变革的效率优势,男女平权制度冲击了传统家庭模式和性别分工,改革开放实现创业合法化,通过干中学等方式女性积累并提高了发现、利用创业机会的能力,在三因素的共同作用下,中国女性创业者走上了崛起之路。作者基于制度变迁的视角建立了女性创业的理论框架,分析女性创业的原因以及如何兴起的过程。     

Mixing Family Business with Politics in Thailand*

This paper uses newly compiled data on Thai family businesses and their direct participation in politics to examine whether the political participation of family business yields private economic payoff. The paper finds that the political participa‐tion of family members is positively associated with the profitability of family businesses. Furthermore, this ‘political benefit’ is found to be particularly large when firms are connected to cabinet members. These results support the crony capitalism view that powerful business groups in Thailand have an incentive to directly hold influential public offices to influence economic policy in their favor.     

Transition on the spot: Historicity, social structure, and institutional change

Why do some countries in transition perform quite well while others still struggle with institutional reform, experiencing economic hardship and political disintegration? This paper suggests that this question can only be answered if the processes behind institutional change are well understood. Within the framework of a micro-macro model, it will be argued that historic experience shapes both mental models and the effectiveness of social learning. The historicity of economic development is behind differing development paths. Moreover, it will be shown that understanding the forces that bring about institutional change allows the political advisor to suggest strategies better adapted to the specific needs of different countries than the strategies currently employed. These findings will be applied to the problem of institutional change in rural Russia where the failure of existing reform strategies is eminent.     

Political and Economic Inequities and the Shaping of Institutions and Redistribution

This article studies the joint effect of political and economic inequalities on redistributive taxation and institutional quality. The theoretical model suggests that income inequality, coupled with political bias in favor of the rich, decreases redistribution and lowers institutional quality. The effect of the former is to increase productive investment, and the effect of the latter is to decrease it—with resulting ambiguous implications for economic growth. Testing these predictions empirically in a panel of countries, we find that inequality has a negative effect on both institutional quality and redistribution.     

新制度经济学视角下的心理契约:内涵与自我履行机制

心理契约问题近年来愈发引起企业组织与员工的重视,但以往的研究多是从心理学、社会学的视角研究心理契约。文章借鉴新制度经济学对契约的相关研究成果,将组织中的心理契约与新制度经济学结合起来,对心理契约的内涵与特征重新进行界定,认为心理契约应当是平等互惠的、非正式的、不完全的以及自我履行的契约,最后对心理契约的自我履约机制进行了详细的分析。     

资源禀赋、制度分岔与组织变迁——一个关于包买制的比较制度分析

在近代中国,新兴的包买制度是传统经济向现代经济演进的重要标志之一。文章考察了存在于定县、高阳两地织布业中不同的商业组织模式,前者始终停留在传统的市场交易,后者则以包买制度为主体。利用不完全契约理论和比较制度分析框架,本文发现由人地比例这一内生要素禀赋所决定的织户谈判能力差异,是导致两地衍生出不同制度路径的关键因素。另外,基于微观案例的讨论还为理解制度变迁提供了新的启示:定县高阳的对比意味着,即使在没有外部干预的情况下,更多的资源禀赋也可能通过强化外部选择权的方式阻碍更有效率的商业组织的建立,进而影响到整体的经济绩效。     

Neo-liberal Korea and Still Developmentalist Japan: Myth or Reality?1

Abstract

In the “varieties of capitalism” debate, scholars have paid considerable attention to the question of whether Korea and Japan have left behind their interventionist political economy for neo-liberal reform. In this paper, we re-examine the scholarly consensus that Korea has become a neo-liberal state, while Japan has not changed much. On the basis of our comparison of the extent of the two countries’ neo-liberal reforms using the “business systems framework” developed by Witt, we demonstrate that neo-liberal reforms observed in Korea and Japan are not substantially different enough to warrant the view that the two countries have taken divergent paths of institutional development. With this finding, we call for further empirical study, including the development and use of more qualitative data. We suggest that the future direction research should take on this issue in order to make theoretical contributions to the existing literature on institutional change and continuity in “non-liberal” capitalist countries. We do this by offering some methods in which future researchers could identify necessary and sufficient causes of Korea's and Japan's neo-liberal (or non-neo-liberal) shift.     

从会泽铜矿开发看清朝对西南边疆的儒化经略

清代中叶囿于日益严重的缺铜危机,清廷对会泽铜矿进行了大规模开发。会泽铜矿业的发展,在经济、文化、政治方面引起了一系列的连锁反应,形成了具有特色的"铜商文化"。以中原中央王朝为主体的儒家文明得到了更加深入的传播,客观上促进了中国多民族统一国家的发展。     

家族企业转型的对策研究

针对企业内部机制与外部制度环境如何共同影响家族企业社会化进程的问题,文章首先使用金融经济学的模型,从理论层面分析家族企业的演进趋势;进而借鉴法律金融论的代表人物LLSV等观点,基于广东民营家族企业发展所处的金融环境与法律环境,分析了两种外部制度环境对家族企业转型的影响;最后从政策层面提出了基于内源融资型和外延融资型企业的转型以及不同类型公司经营管理模式选择的几点建议.     

Political and Institutional Factors in the Convergence of International Equity Markets: Evidence from the Club Convergence and Clustering Procedure

In this study the new panel convergence methodology developed by Phillips and Sul (2007) is employed to explore the convergence dynamics of international equity markets and determine whether political and institutional factors can explain convergence or divergence patterns across international equity markets. The empirical findings suggest that international equity markets do not form a homogeneous convergence club. Seven specific political and institutional factors are used to explain such divergent behavior. The empirical analysis documented specific factors, i.e. democratization, unemployment benefits, and public expenditure on pensions, which seem capable of explaining such a heterogeneous divergent pattern among the equity markets under study.     

诺思的制度变迁理论与我国科技企业孵化器的发展

运用新制度经济学的基本理论,特别是诺思的制度变迁理论从制度环境、制度变迁主体的力量对比和制度变迁主体的知识积累三个维度分析说明了我国科技企业孵化器演进的总体方向、具体轨迹和发展实绩。     

Institutional Pressures to Provide Social Benefits and the Earnings Management Behavior of Nonprofits: Evidence from the U.S. Hospital Industry

This study examines the relationship between institutional pressures to provide social benefits and the discretionary accrual behavior of nonprofit firms. I examine this issue within the context of U.S. nonprofit hospitals, an economically significant and politically rich setting where firms face considerable institutional pressure to provide an important social benefit: charity care. I argue that institutional pressures on nonprofits to provide higher levels of social benefits imply that lower profits should be reported. I develop theory and provide evidence which suggests that, due to competing private incentives to report higher profits, nonprofit managers strategically use discretionary accruals to increase accounting earnings when the social benefits their firms have provided in the current period exceed external stakeholders' normative expectations. The findings from this study inform the ongoing political debate regarding the appropriateness of tax exemptions for U.S. nonprofit hospitals and should therefore be of interest to both regulators and policymakers. In addition, this study provides timely insights for researchers regarding how institutional pressures can affect managers' reporting behaviors in other settings where similar competing reporting incentives exist between managers' private benefits and stakeholder expectations related to social benefits.     

Tax policy,regulated interest rates,and saving

The paper evaluates tax policy options designed to reduce distortions to savings behavior that occur when administered interest rates are set beneath market equilibrium levels. While the removal of controls on interest rates might be the best option, political, legal or institutional circumstances might well preclude this solution. It suggests that consumption (or sales) taxes can be designed so that, in the short term, the rate of return to saving can be changed to approximate the market-determined interest rate. The main advantage of the measure is that it can provide (a) time to develop appropriate legal and institutional structures for financial deregulation, and (b) an additional policy instrument that allows the burden of adjustment, in a stabilization policy setting, to be distributed over more than one instrument.     

贸易政策与欧美产业界商务外交策略研究

贸易政策是政府与产业界博弈的结果。政府是商务外交的主体,产业界是商务外交的关键角色,欧美产业界以商务外交策略参与政府贸易政策的制定和调整从而实现其国际化目标。中国产业界应当加强与政府的商务外交合作,发挥行业协会的作用,通过商务外交获取政策优势,推动国际化。     

Quakers,coercion, and pre‐modern growth: why Friends’ formal institutions for contract enforcement did not matter for early modern trade expansion

During the late seventeenth century, Atlantic trade grew dramatically. The New Institutional Economists attribute this to institutional developments. During this period, Quakers emerged as the region's most prominent trading community. Some historians explain this achievement as the result of the competitive advantage that Quakers gained from their formal institutions for contract enforcement. This article studies the London Quaker community to show that, in fact, they only began to police the conduct of business regularly after 1750, as part of a wider effort to promote the Society's reputation. Formal institutional advantages cannot explain the Quakers’ early trading success.     

Economic liberalization, political pluralism and business associations in developing countries

Trends toward economic liberalization and political pluralism in developing countries would seem to presage a more active political and economic role for business associations. The evidence suggests, however, that business associations are unlikely to be such malleable instruments for the promotion of the private sector and of political pluralism as one might initially expect. They often act more in the interests of their own staff than in those of members. The potential for “unproductive” rivalry and conflict between competing associations is high. The more effective associations are those not financially dependent primarily on membership fees.     

中东欧国家银行业改革的成就与启示

借助于对中东欧国家银行业改革历程和发展现状的分析,我们可以清楚地看到各国金融改革路径和制度建设的选择及其成效,从中得到的启示可为我国金融体系改革提供有益的借鉴。