完善我国的企业法人所有权制度--《我国所有权制度的变迁与重构》评介

日前,由河北经贸大学法学院郭广辉教授等撰写的《我国所有权制度的变迁与重构》一书已由中国检察出版社出版。该书构建了一个以个人所有权为基础,以国家所有权为重要组成部分,以企业法人所有权为核心内容的全新的理论体系。作为一部深入研究我国企业法人所有权理论的新作,该书具有以下特点:1.方法全面。作者运用历史研究方法,通过中外所有权制度的变迁,找到了所有权制度发展的基本规律,使研究结论更具厚重感。作者还运用经济方法,通过对西方经济学的产权理论与马克思产权理论的比较,使研究成果博采众长。当然,运用最多的还是传统的法学方法,…     

关于我国集体土地所有权主体和使用权主体明晰性的考察

我国土地立法对我国农村集体土地所有权主体和使用权主体的规定符合我国农村的实际。完善我国农村集体土地制度的着力点不在于明晰集体土地所有权主体和使用权主体，而在于完善土地所有权内涵和使用权内涵及所有权和使用权关系的规定；规范政府征用集体土地的行为；加强执法，减少社会强势利益集团对农户承包土地使用权的侵占，维护公平、公正的社会环境。     

应对野生动物实行分类立法

十三届全国人大常委会第二十二次会议对《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法(修订草案)》进行审议,并在全国人大网上公开征求社会公众意见。基于此,本文将从野生动物保护立法模式与价值取向等方面展开深入的探讨。野生动物具有同等的生态价值,但保护措施可以不同我国野生动物保护法第二条第二款规定:"本法规定保护的野生动物,是指珍贵、濒危的陆生、水生野生动物和有重要生态、科学、社会价值的陆生野生动物。"该法的保护范围并非所有的野生动物,而是限于珍贵濒危的野生动物和有重要生态、科学、社会价值的"三有"陆生野生动物。同时,该法还规定了诸多关于人工繁育动物的管理措施,把人工繁育动物也纳入到该法的保护范围。     

财产申报制度入法之可行性研究

财产申报制度作为预防腐败的终端利器,已为各国立法所确认。反观我国财产申报制度之现状,仅为政策性规定,尚未上升到立法层面。从反腐实践和立法环境来看,公务人员财产申报制度入法迫不及待。     

论标的物所有权保留制度的法律性质

在今天的交易活动中，分期付款制度所占有的地位越来越重要，随之而来的所有权保留也得到了越来越广泛的应用。但对于所有权保留的性质，各国立法与学术界有不同的观点。本文认为，所有权保留既有担保权之功能，又具有所有权的特点，是一种特殊的担保性权利。     

新一轮农地制度变迁的路向选择--弱化所有权

经过201多年的改革,承包权无论是在内容,还是在时间的长度上都已经是一项独立的权能,但是由于在地权结构中,所有权依然处于强势地位,地权制度的改革难以到位,还有可能使整个农业改革跌入制度供给陷阱,文章认为,新一轮农地制度变迁就是要弱化所有权,明确承包土地的财产性质、生产要素性质,淡化承包土地的社会功能,并改革与之相关的农村行政体制。     

自然资源国家所有权有效实现的法律思考

我国自然资源所有权制度存在的问题缺陷主要表现在以下三个方面。     

论非法猎捕、杀害珍贵、濒危野生动物罪与行政立法的衔接

我国现行刑法规定的非法猎捕、 杀害珍贵、 濒危野生动物罪与行政立法衔接不善的不足.当前应当重点关注该罪与新修订的《野生动物保护法》 之间的衔接问题,这关系到出罪机制的建立.对于当前立法存在的不足,可通过提高入罪门槛以完善与行政立法的衔接,实现建立出罪机制的目标.     

关于善意取得制度的若干问题

将于2007年10月1日实施的我国《物权法》第一百零六条规定,无处分权人将不动产或者动产转让给受让人的,所有权人有权追回;除法律另有规定外,符合下列情形的,受让人取得该不动产或者动产的所有权:(一)受让人受让该不动产或者动产时是善意的;(二)以合理的价格转让;(三)转让的不动产或者动产依照法律规定应当登记的已经登记,不需要登记的已经交付给受让人.这是迄今为止我国立法对善意取得制度最明确、最全面、最权威的规定.     

论农村集体土地所有权法律制度的完善

在农村土地产权制度改革的过程中,随着农地使用制度改革的深化,农村土地所有制度中的深层次矛盾凸现出来.本文分析了农村土地所有制度的深层次矛盾,并提出了完善我国农村土地所有权制度的几点看法.     

African elephants: the effect of property rights and political stability

African elephant populations have declined by more than 50% over the past 20 years. International outrage over the slaughter led to a worldwide ban on ivory sales beginning in 1989, despite the objections of many economists and scientists, and of several southern African countries that have established systems of property rights over elephants. Far from declining, elephant populations in many of these countries have increased to levels at or above the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. This article estimates the determinants of changes in elephant populations in 35 African countries over several time periods. The authors find that, controlling for other factors, countries with property rights systems of community wildlife programs have more rapid elephant population growth rates than do those countries that do not. Political instability and the absence of representative governments significantly lower elephant growth rates.     

Economic modeling approaches for wildlife and species conservation

This paper presents modeling approaches for wildlife and species conservation with a special emphasis on large mammals in a developing country setting. In such countries there are frequently conflicts over land use and species conservation, and institutions for managing conflicts are often weak or even lacking. In addition, most of the world species and biodiversity are found in developing countries. Two main issues are discussed. First, we study a situation where the wildlife is valuable, but is considered a pest by the local people living close to the wildlife. Second, we consider models with a discrepancy between management geography and biological geography, and where the species flows between a conservation area with no harvesting and a neighboring area with harvesting and possible habitat degradation.     

Why do ICDPs fail?: The relationship between agriculture,hunting and ecotourism in wildlife conservation

We analyze why integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) fail to achieve their conservation goals. We develop a bio-economic model of open access habitat and wildlife exploitation, which is consistent with farming and hunting societies living in close proximity to forest reserves in developing countries. We show that the ICDP creates incentives to conserve habitat and wildlife, but socially optimal levels of conservation cannot be achieved, because of externalities among the local communities. We show how a social planner can achieve the socially optimal levels of habitat and wildlife by a more encompassing tax/subsidy regime.     

Joint Production of Food and Wildlife: Uniform Measures or Nature Oases?

Intensive agriculture is often bad for wildlife. Does this imply that a goal to boost wildlife on agricultural land is best met through a general reduction in intensity? We argue that such an approach may not be optimal, since cost functions for provision of wildlife on agricultural land may be non-convex, due to fixed costs associated with such provision. This implies that, even when farms are identical, it may be preferable to split them into groups of high providers and low providers. We test our hypothesis in a study of the optimal management of mown grasslands in southern Sweden, where the two products are silage and successful reproduction of ground-nesting birds, and the variable controlled by the farmer is the date of the first mowing. We show that the optimal solution is likely to involve some farmers maintaining profit-maximizing practices while other—identical—farmers delay their first mowing significantly. The superiority of such split solutions may have major implications for agricultural policy.     

野生动物旅游:概念、类型与研究框架

野生动物旅游源于欧美地区的野生动物猎杀和观赏活动,已经历了上百年的发展历史。近年来,野生动物旅游发展迅速,受到国外学界和业界的广泛关注。文章分析和总结了野生动物旅游的概念,依据不同的标准划分了野生动物旅游的类型;构建了野生动物旅游研究的内容框架,认为其由野生动物旅游内涵研究、野生动物旅游供给研究、野生动物旅游者研究、野生动物旅游影响研究、野生动物旅游地可持续发展研究等五个既相互独立、又相互关联的子系统构成。     

A Bio-Economic Model of Community Incentives for Wildlife Management Under CAMPFIRE

This paper formulates a bio-economic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Three agents influence the wildlife stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, outside poachers hunt illegally, and a local community may choose to protect wildlife by discouraging poaching. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact design of the benefit shares, the size of the benefits compared with agricultural losses, and the way in which the parks agency manages hunting quotas.     

关于我国自然保护区周边社区野生动物侵入损失赔偿问题——基于生物经济学模型的思考

保护区境内野生动物对保护区周边社区农户的侵扰成为了人类与野生动物冲突的主要原因，因此对受侵害农户的补偿成为有效解决冲突的关键。目前，我国巳对某些保护区周边社区实施了经济补偿。但是由于补偿标准偏低，效果不明显，导致野生动物仍屡遭猎杀。那么，我国应该如何确定补偿标准，对农户进行足额补偿呢？本论文将通过建立生物经济学模型，从农户收益的角度分析补偿问题．提、出足额补偿标准的计算方法以及相关的政策建议。     

略论野生动物资源的保护与开发利用

现代经济建设中以经济效益为中心来调节人们的经济行为,但是,野生动物工作没有被恰当地包含在有价生产经营中,即没有对其影响生产发展的生产关系进行重大改革,导致乱捕滥猎、非法经营,资源损失严重。问题的根本解决有待于对野生动物资源的保护与利用进行体制改革,使之纳入经济体制改革的轨道。     

Joint Management of Wildlife and Livestock Disease

We analyze a bioeconomic model of a multiple-host disease problem involving wildlife and livestock. The social planner’s choices include targeted (i.e., infectious versus healthy) livestock harvests, non-targeted wildlife harvests, environmental habitat variables, and on-farm biosecurity to prevent cross-species contacts. The model is applied to bovine tuberculosis among Michigan white-tailed deer and cattle. We find optimal controls may target the livestock sector more stringently when the livestock sector exhibits low value relative to the wildlife sector. This is in contrast with the conventional wisdom on the issue that controls should primarily target wildlife species that serve as disease reservoirs.     

Effect of Diversity of Large Wildlife Species on Financial Benefits to Local Communities in Northwest Namibia

There exist few quantitative assessments of the relationship between biodiversity per se and economic benefits at scales that are relevant for conservation. Similarly, the merits of Community-Based Natural Resource Management programs for both wildlife and people are contested. Here, we harness two databases, on wildlife surveys and financial benefits, to address these issues for communal conservancies in northwest Namibia. We use ordination methods to characterize the diversity and stability of large wildlife assemblages on conservancies, and demonstrate that diversity (but not stability) is an important explanator of conservancy financial benefits. Our results indicate that for this area of Namibia, biodiversity, as represented by large wildlife assemblages, has an important, positive effect on the tangible financial benefits that people derive from conservation programs.