人力资本竞争优势与战略成本管理

战略成本管理的精髓在于保持企业的竞争优势,竞争优势的保持要求企业在其所处的价值链上拥有核心竞争力。企业的核心竞争力由企业的人力资本状况所决定,人力资本是战略成本管理实施成功与否的关键因素。     

基于价值链的企业战略成本管理分析

在一浪高过一浪的激烈竞争浪潮中,企业如何求得长期的生存和发展,已不是仅靠企业加强内部的管理职能所能奏效的.价值链分析是企业战略管理系统中的一个不可或缺的步骤.想要运用战略成本管理就必须掌握价值链的含义、价值链分析的作用及价值链分析的步骤等.本文通过对价值链理论的介绍,并结合企业战略成本管理中存在的问题进行分析.     

Estimating the economic cost of the COVID-19 pandemic

Business Economics - Our study presents a framework to estimate economic costs of the COVID-19 pandemic for the U.S. economy. We characterize whether the pandemic-related damages are short-lived or...     

FDI entry mode choice of Chinese firms: A strategic behavior perspective

This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) entry mode choice between a wholly owned subsidiary and a joint venture by Chinese firms that invest overseas. We argue that the FDI entry mode choice of a Chinese firm is primarily influenced by the variables related to the firm's strategic fit in host industry and its strategic intent of conducting FDI. Using survey data of a sample of 138 Chinese firms, the results suggest that a Chinese firm prefers wholly owned subsidiary entry mode when it adopts a global strategy, faces severe host industry competition, and emphasizes assets seeking purposes in its FDI. A joint venture is preferred when the firm is investing in a high growth host market.     

Up the average cost curve: Inefficient entry and the new protectionism

A two-country model is developed in which each country produces one good with increasing returns, the goods being perfect or imperfect substitutes. With Cournot-Nash behavior and free entry, certain restrictive trade policies have effects opposite to their favorable effect under noentry assumptions. Import tariffs and export subsidies lead to inefficient entry that raises rather than decreases the average production cost of and price charge by the domestic industry with negative welfare consequences. We argue that these predictions of our model are closely consistent with extensive Canadian data on entry, exit, and firms' responses to trade liberalization.     

Large established firms entry into franchising: an exploratory investigation of strategic and operational issues

Although franchising is traditionally associated with newly emerging businesses which need to finance growth, this marketing technique is being increasingly utilized by large established firms as a method of business development. This article analyses the business objectives which led a sample of such firms in the UK to introduce franchising as a means of channel management. The modes of franchising-including the master franchise-selected by these firms as well as their operational and organizational experiences are investigated. In particular, there is an examination of the major managerial/cultural issues which these firms encountered in trying to reconcile the decentralized organization and operating methods implicit in the franchising concept with the centralized decision making and organization of a corporate concern. The implications for management of this dichotomy are explored.     

Investing for strategic resources and its rationale: The case of outward FDI from Chinese companies

As more Chinese companies become engaged in foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in industrial countries, a crucially important issue must be addressed: what is the motivation of Chinese outward FDI, and what is its rationale? Based on a detailed analysis of both primary and secondary data sources, this article argues that when investing in advanced economies, Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) are motivated primarily by the quest for strategic resources and capabilities, and that the underlying rationale for such asset-seeking FDI is strategic needs. The examination of this premise will hopefully prompt business practitioners to think about this important issue in new and innovative ways, thereby identifying an appropriate policy and strategic response.     

Direct foreign investment in japan as a means of market entry: The case of European firms 1

Japan, one of the world's largest and strongest economies, attracts a tiny level of inward direct investment. This neglect is particularly true of European multinationals. This article examines a sample of European companies which have Japanese manufacturing affiliates, to assess direct investment as a means of access to the Japanese market. It examines the objectives and strategies of entry and evaluates the outcome in terms of successful penetration of the Japanese market. The joint venture route is a preferred means of initial entry and the research allows evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of entry to the Japanese market.     

Foreign market entry mode of service firms: The case of U.S. MBA programs

While international expansion has become an important strategic imperative on the part of knowledge intensive service firms such as U.S. business schools, little empirical support is available on how these business schools enter foreign markets. If U.S. based business education programs are expected to prosper in light of the potential onslaught of international competition, expansion to overseas markets will be one of the most sought after options available. A poor choice in market entry strategy, or the lack of international market entry, can result in a negative impact on the educational institution. This research focuses on developing, measuring, and empirically testing a framework of key factors influencing international market entry mode choice of U.S. business schools by using primary data from faculty and administrators of U.S. Master of Business Administration (MBA) schools.     

The strategic position of consumers in the information society

In this paper, a conceptual framework is outlined for examining the strategic position of consumers in a society in which computer networks are assigned an increasingly important role in the distribution of goods and services. The framework deals with relationships among consumers as well as relationships between consumers and other actors in the distribution system, and in both cases the relationships can be based on either common or conflicting interests. With the aid of the framework, the author characterizes the strategic position of consumers in terms of influence and power or powerlessness.The technological impacts dealt with are related to both the consumers' own use of computer technology, and its use by other parties such as suppliers and retailers. Examples of developments discussed in the paper are computerized checkout registers, electronic funds transfer systems, and home computers connected to central information systems.The author predicts that the strategic position of consumers will be weakened as the new technologies become more commonplace while the strategic position of the most powerful commercial and institutional actors is likely to be strengthened. A number of strategies for collective consumer action which could countervail this tendency, are outlined at the end of the paper.

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Die strategische Position der Verbraucher in der Informationsgesellschaft

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag entwickelt zunächst einen Bezugsrahmen für die Beurteilung der strategischen Position von Verbrauchern in einer Gesellschaft, in der Computer-Netzwerke eine immer größere Rolle auch bei der Vermarktung von Gütern und Dienstleistungen spielen. Dieser Bezugsrahmen unterscheidet zwischen Beziehungen, die innerhalb der Konsumentenschaft bestehen, und solchen, die zwischen Konsumenten einerseits und anderen Akteuren im Verteilungssystem andererseits bestehen; in beiden Fällen können Beziehungen auf gemeinsamen Interessen wie auf einander entgegenstehenden Interessen beruhen. Mit Hilfe dieser Unterscheidung kennzeichnet der Autor die strategische Position von Verbrauchern durch die Möglichkeit ihrer Einflußnahme und durch ihre Machtstellung bzw. Machtlosigkeit.Die technologischen Wirkungen, mit denen sich der Beitrag beschäftigt, beziehen sich auf die Nutzung der Computertechnologien durch die Verbraucher selbst wie auch durch andere Marktparteien wie Hersteller und Händler. Als Beispiele werden Entwicklungen im Bereich der elektronischen Ladenkassen, des elektronischen Zahlungsverkehrs und der an zentrale Informationssysteme angekoppelten Home-Computer diskutiert.Der Autor gelangt zu der Prognose, daß die strategische Position von Verbrauchern mit zunehmender Verbreitung neuer Technologien tendenziell abnehmen wird, während die strategische Position der mächtigeren kommerziellen und institutionellen Akteure gestärkt werden dürfte. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Diskussion einiger Möglichkeiten kollektiver Verbraucheraktionen, die dieser Entwicklung entgegenwirken könnten.

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Sigmund Grønmo is Research Director, The Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research, Fredensborgveien 24, N-0177 Oslo 1, Norway, and Professor of Sociology at the University of Oslo. During the academic year 1986–1987 he is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Marketing, Illinois State University.This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the symposium New Challenges for European Consumer Policy, held at Heiligkreuztal, FRG, on March 17–20, 1986, under the sponsorship of the European Cultural Foundation, the Commission of the European Communities, and IBM Deutschland. The author received very useful comments from other participants at the symposium, in particular from Klaus G. Grunert, Carl-Heinz Moritz, and Hans B. Thorelli. Furthermore, the author is grateful for comments received from several colleagues at the Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research, at the University of Oslo, and at Illinois State University.     

The importance of product positioning: successful entry in the national newspaper market

You cannot afford to get positioning wrong, but there are limited rewards for getting it right. That is the rather pessimistic conclusion you can draw from this account of recent entry into the British newspaper industry. The authors use the experience of that industry to illustrate some principles of good and bad positioning.     

Order of entry,trial diffusion,and elasticity dynamics: An empirical case

This paper considers the diffusion process of new brands in order to estimate marketing mix elasticities and order-of-entry effects. Using an empirical case, we test hypotheses regarding the role of order of entry on brand trial processes within a new category. Consistent with research hypotheses, the results demonstrate that the diffusion rate of a brand's trials and its pricing and advertising elasticities vary systematically as a function of competitive entry. Competitive influences (which are negative) increase as order of entry is delayed. Short-term price elasticities are found to be an inverted U relationship with the order of entry, whereby early followers have the highest elasticities, as compared to the pioneer and to later followers. Advertising elasticities decline as the number of competitors increases.