“仁”、“义”、“礼”的日常实践：“关系”、“人情”与“面子”——从“差序格局”看儒家“大传统”在日常“小传统”中的现实定位

“仁”、“义”、“礼”的儒家思想之“大传统”,与日常生活中的“关系”、“人情”、“面子”之“小传统”有着某种内在的衔接性与紧张性。就“差序格局”而言,人伦“关系”网络以“仁”作为最高价值理念,其中以工具性资源为主的“人情”实践本质上即为“义”“利”混合的施报过程,以象征性资源为主的“面子”实践则具有比较明显的依“礼”行事之形式主义的“正名”特征,从而形成了工具差序性特殊主义之“人情”实践与象征和合性普遍主义之“面子”实践的糅合。而在个人主义文化中,则可以比较清晰地区分为特殊主义之“情感性关系”与普遍主义之“工具性关系”的不同关系类型。     

“易之象”论纲

象构成易的本质和灵魂。象在易中具有多层面的复杂而微妙的内涵。 象为易之始源性范畴。把握“易之象”,不能借助概念思维,而必须借助“象思维”。 卦爻辞只是通向把握“易之象”的桥梁,还不是“易之象”的本质显示。“形象之象”、“卦爻之象”、“先天之象”乃是深入“易之象”必经阶段。“易之象”具有“本来如此”之性,为万物之始源,成万物之根本。作为“先天之象”的“易之象”,就是“太极”或“道”。“象思维”的“生生”,就是“象的流动与转化”,就是使思维不断“开窍”。在概念思维方式占主导地位之后,“象思维”受到日益严重的“遮蔽”。“开窍”就是“祛蔽”,就是“反朴归真”,回到思维之源的“象思维”。“易之象”的终极,“太极”或“道”,其根底都系于“无”。“象思维”的“生生”,也完全系于“无”。只有回归到“无”的境界,才能杜绝一切僵化和异化的根苗。把握“易之道”有赖于天才和功夫。“象思”的路径,是不分主客,即“天人合一”、“天人合德”之思。所谓“功夫,并不是“技术性”的,而是灵悟与提高境界。具有“无”性的“太极”或“道”,作为最高境界,乃是不可实证的实在。物欲的无限膨胀,使人精神走向“傻瓜化”,生活走向“动物化”。应当注意易之道在提高人们精神境界方面的研究     

也说“園(园)”

“園(园)”是风景园林学科的“元概念”之一。 现有对“園”的解释主要基于“囗”与“袁”组合的象形认 知,却存在谬误,且未能触及其本质。训诂是传统小学中 用来对汉字进行追本溯源的方法,将训诂学用于厘清“園 (园)”最为原始的音、形、义及其后世流变,揭示“園” 源于“圓”“圜”,最初是与“祀天”功能相关的“自然空 间”。从殷商至战国,“袁”逐渐代替“圓”“圜”中的 “員”“睘”讹为“園”,继承并扩大其字义。简化字“园” 亦有与“祀天”相关的“圓”“圜”的渊源,隐含了古人宇宙 观、时空观的传承。“天人合一”“人与天调”始终是“園 (园)”的基本内涵,是当今风景园林之“元”。     

"分"与"和"的智慧——荀子的"义分则和"思想解读

在荀子“义分则和”的理念中,“和”、“义”直接继承了孔、孟思想,而“分”主要基于社会现实的考虑。与孔孟以“敬与让”言“礼”不同,荀子则主要以“分”言“礼”。荀子的“分”有四个层面意蕴:何为“分”、为何“分”、如何“分”、向何“分”;“和”则贯穿于其中。构建社会主义和谐社会,荀子的“义分则和”思想具有现实价值。     

“大抵心安即是家”：阳明心学一系“家”哲学及其现代影响

阳明学“身家之私”“身家之累”“心安是家”“友道第一”“孔孟在家出家”这一系列“家”观念的提出,是由其“一体不容已”之仁学终极情怀而来。“一体不容已”宛若基督宗教之圣灵,成为绾接心学讲学活动所构成的性命共同体的纽带。被此“圣灵”所感动者“自不容已”地要突破“身家之私”的限囿,并与“同志”结为一“会”、一“孔氏家”、一“道”“学”“政”三位一体的性命共同体。这一系列“家”观念不仅为近现代中国“革”家之“命”的革命意识形态提供了“材料”和“凭借”,而且也为后者做足了“主题”上的铺垫工作,而“西方的冲击”则让这两者之间的连续性呈现出“断裂性”。揭示阳明学“家”哲学的现代效应,既有助于厘清近现代家庭革命思潮的内源性因素,也对进一步探索在现代性中究竟应当如何安顿儒学的“家”情怀有所裨益。     

“80年代”是怎样被“重构”的？—若干相关论作简评

作为一段被符号化了的特殊时期，“80年代”正在陷入一场多方合谋的书写竞赛，事关“80年代”本来面目的许多重要问题正在被肆意改写和重构，其肇因皆在于对这一思想史上特殊时段的思想主线有意无意的背离。“80年代”的中心问题是“如何避免‘文革’的重演？”而中心论题则是“反封建”。整个“80年代”文化思潮的演变环节依次是“反‘文革’”，“反封建”，“反传统”，再往后才是所谓“文化热”，而贯穿各个环节的中心线索是对“文革”的反思。“启蒙”是整个“80年代”的基本属性，从“反‘文革’”到“反封建”到“反传统”，全都是在“启蒙”：因此，整个“80年代”都属于“新启蒙”时代。     

“系统论”原理在企业经营管理中的运用初探

根据“系统论”原理,优化企业组织结构,完成“元素效应”向“群体效应”;“间式反应”向“链式反应”;“各自为政”向“一盘棋”运作的转化。理顺、协调各系统间相互关系,实现关联机制的“一体化”;通盘运作的“立体化”;流程体系的“整体化”。加强“危机管理”,建立必要的防范应对措施,一旦发生危机,积极应对,变“危机”为“契机”。     

认识网络热词背后的力量

文化视点 2009年底,新版《党的建设辞典》出版,书名依旧很具官方色彩,但词条中却收录了大量生动新鲜的新词、热词：如“网络反腐”、“权力寻租”、“红色资源”、“竞争上岗”、“党内和谐”、“党务公开”、“党群联合致富体”、“党员联系户制度”、“两新组织”、“阳光公选”、“跑官要官”、“带病提拔”等。     

"循环经济"与"以人为本"

本文深入而全面地论述了“循环经济”与“以人为本”的关联——“以人为本”是“循环经济”的价值取向和观念指导,“循环经济”是对“以人为本”的积极应答和有效实践。没有“以人为本”的催动和指导,不可能有“循环经济”的成熟和繁荣;没有“循环经济”的实施运作,“以人为本”也得不到真正全面的实现。     

货币政策时度效：内涵特征、逻辑关联与表征变量

本文首先基于连续性、稳定性等“多性”目标,阐释“时度效”的内涵与特征,并在理清“时“”度”和“效”之间逻辑关联和相依关系的基础上,科学筛选“时度效”表征变量,重点刻画“时度效”表征变量与经济基本面变量的动态走势和波动特征。结果表明：第一“,时度效”内涵极为丰富“,时”“度”和“效”之间虽然存在一定外在“冲突”表象,但多数情形下三者之间呈现“一致”属性。第二,“时“”度”和“效”之间既存在逻辑先导关联,也存在因果相依关系。第三“,时度效”表征变量的动态走势,很好地拟合和预测了货币政策当期松紧状态与未来调控取向,政府应根据经济中长期调控需求和短期目标侧重,兼顾“跨周期”和“逆周期”政策调控效果,完善货币政策框架体系。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

Vicarelli,Keynes, and the unstable nexus between investment,liquidity, and finance

The goal of this article is to reconstruct Keynes’s vision of the unstable nexus between investment, liquidity and finance, as set out by the Italian economist Fausto Vicarelli (1936–1986). As argued in the article, one of Vicarelli’s main contributions consists of explaining the inherent instability of financially sophisticated capitalist economies in terms of the interaction (and double dissociation) between investment, saving, and stock-holding decisions, within a Keynesian framework characterized by the presence of fundamental uncertainty. While Vicarelli’s interpretation of Keynes is best understood in the context of the post-Keynesian literature, its relevance goes beyond that, as its sheds light on current issues related to the post-2008 financial crisis and its policy implications.     

Private information, money, and growth: Indeterminacy, fluctuations, and the Mundell-Tobin effect

We introduce an informational asymmetry into an otherwise standard monetary growth model and examine its implications for the determinacy of equilibrium, for endogenous economic volatility, and for the relationship between steady-state output and the rate of money growth. Some empirical evidence suggests that, for economies with low initial inflation rates, permanent increases in the money growth rate raise long-run output levels. This relationship is reversed for economies with high initial inflation rates. Our model predicts this pattern. Moreover, in economies with high enough rates of inflation, credit rationing emerges, monetary equilibria become indeterminate, and endogenous economic volatility arises.     

Complementarity, growth, and trade

We consider an endogenous growth model with international trade in complementary capital goods. The model possesses several distinct, balanced growth solutions, which we classify using stability under adaptive learning. Some of the equilibria can involve growth rates much higher than others. We show that, in addition to a small (usually positive) effect on a given equilibrium, an expansion in trade may sometimes yield a much larger, sudden jump in growth. The small effect on the initial equilibrium may reduce growth if the opportunity cost of capital rises very fast as growth accelerates. JEL Classification: F12, F15, O41
Complémentarité, croissance, et commerce international. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle de croissance endogène en présence de commerce international de biens capitaux complémentaires. Le modèle possède plusieurs solutions de croissance équilibrée distinctes que les auteurs classifient en utilisant des mesures de stabilité avec apprentissage adaptatif. Certains de ces équilibres peuvent impliquer des taux de croissance plus élevés que d'autres. Il appert qu'une expansion du commerce international, en plus d'avoir un petit effet (habituellement positif) sur un équilibre donné, peut parfois engendrer une augmentation plus forte et soudaine de la croissance. Le petit effet sur l'équilibre initial peut réduire la croissance si le coût d'opportunité du capital augmente rapidement à proportion que la croissance accélère.     

Ecosystems,externalities, and economies

This paper incorporates an ecosystem model into a model of a simple economy. The decisionmaking agents in the ecosystem are individual organisms aggregated to the species level. A species may provide utility directly to humans, or it may provide utility indirectly because it is used either as a raw material in goods fabrication or as sustenance for other species. We describe a comparative static equilibrium of the ecosystem where species' demands for other species are equal to the supplies of those other species, and energy is conserved. The ecosystem is then embedded in the economy so that the effects of human intervention can be traced through both the ecosystem and the economy. Human intervention creates ecosystem externalities such that ecosystem equilibria are shifted and the new equilibria affect the utility or the production processes of other humans. This framework allows us to describe in principle which ecosystem services can be efficiently usurped by humans, which waste flows can be efficiently allowed into ecosystems, and which ecosystem organisms and physical attributes can be efficiently maintained.     

Anarchy, efficiency, and redistribution

This paper develops a contractarian theory of the state and the existence of redistribution. The existence of rules of redistribution is explained without any recourse to the risk-aversion of agents. No veil of ignorance is needed. This avoids obligational problems inherent in most other contractarian theories of justice. Hence, this paper departs from the standard legitimization of redistribution as fundamental insurance and interprets it as stemming from a principle of reciprocity in trade. Since this paper deals with an anarchic society, the implementation of redistributional rules is constrained by the assumption of self-enforcement. We show that this assumption changes the interpretation of the state: the state is characterized by a particular design of equilibrium strategies, not by the existence of enforcement agencies.     

Min, Max, and Sum

This paper provides characterization theorems for preferences that can be represented by U(x₁, …, x_n)=min{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=max{x_k}, U(x₁, …, x_n)=∑ u(x_k), or combinations of these functionals. The main assumption is partial separability, where changing a common component of two vectors does not reverse strict preferences, but may turn strict preferences into indifference. We discuss applications of our results to social choice. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C0, D1, D6.