旅游公共服务:国际经验与启示

提供旅游公共服务既是政府发挥其促进与保障本国旅游业健康、持续发展之功能的体现,也是其使旅游业顺应"以人为本"发展趋势的途径之一。旅游业较发达的国家和地区大多非常重视旅游公共服务的建设,并采取一系列措施,从法律、政策、财力投入等方面予以保证,不断提高旅游公共服务的水平和质量。     

Dealing with globalisation: the Nordic countries and inward FDI, 1900–1939

This article examines the different ways in which the four Nordic countries chose to regulate the inflow of foreign direct investments (FDI). By studying the laws regulating foreign ownership, as well as their implementation, it becomes clear that the four countries followed a pragmatic and tolerant policy towards inward FDI, but that the resource rich countries actively tried to prevent foreign ownership of their most important natural resources. The article also shows how the countries’ stricter policy on foreign ownership in the early twentieth century was not a casualty of World War I, but more predominantly a reaction to the increasing international economic integration before the war.     

A contribution to peace policy

A fresh start is needed in development policy in order to move away from the sort of superficial, overselective assistance, which is very often altruistic in appearance only, towards a more comprehensive, world-wide structural policy which does not only raise more resources for setting up a productive economy in the Third World, but also combats poverty at its very roots.     

Value creation through production offshore–inshore strategies in a footwear industry cluster: A coevolutionary perspective

In many industries, production offshoring towards countries with low labour costs has been a common trend in recent decades. However, we find some resistance to dismantling factories in a footwear industry cluster in Spain. From a customer perspective of value creation, and based on qualitative and quantitative data, we analyse the evolution of firms’ offshore–inshore strategies associated with the main periods of cluster expansion and contraction over the last 25 years. We highlight three main findings. First, the pressures of the environment can terminate firms but not necessarily the entrepreneurial orientation of their owners to continue in the same industry. Second, adaptive processes to create value for the consumer in the footwear industry seek a balance between production offshoring and domestic production in order to optimize the firm's competitive position. Third, coevolutionary theory should consider not only the selection and adaptation processes but also the capacity of firms to influence their environment, since the alternative strategies to create value for customers in footwear industry have resulted in speeding up the footwear fashion market. We also suggest implications for research and practice.     

创业投资引导基金参股运作方式的国际比较

创业投资引导基金是许多国家和地区普遍采用的一种支持创业投资产业发展的政策。为了促进各自创业投资产业的发展,澳大利亚和芬兰均设立了创业投资引导基金。通过对澳大利亚和芬兰两国引导基金进行分析和比较,并在此基础上对我国创业投资引导基金的运作提出政策建议。     

Explaining National Differences in the Size and Industry Distribution Employment

What forces determine national differences in the size and industry distribution of employment? We stress the role of the economic policy environment as determined by business taxes, employment security laws, credit market regulations, the national pension system, wage-setting institutions and the size of the public sector. We characterize these aspects of the economic environment in Sweden prior to 1990–91 and compare them to the situation in other European countries and the United States. Our characterization and international comparisons show that Swedish policies and institutions strongly disfavored less capital-intensive firms, smaller firms, entry by new firms, and individual and family ownership of business.

We also compile evidence that these forces affect outcomes. Taking the U.S. industry distribution as a benchmark that reflects a comparatively neutral set of policies and institutions, Sweden's employment distribution in the mid-1980s is sharply tilted away from low-wage industries and industries with greater employment shares for smaller firms and establishments. Compared to other European countries, Sweden has an unusually high share of employment in large firms. Furthermore, the Swedish rate of self- employment in the 1970s and 1980s is the lowest among all OECD countries.

The institutional and policy factors emphasized by our study differ greatly across countries. This fact suggests that our approach can be fruitfully applied to other studies of national differences in industry and size structures and their evolution over time. As an example, the tax reform wave of the 1980s – which largely evened out cross-country differences in corporate taxation among OECD countries – offers some basis for projecting a movement towards greater similarity among wealthy countries in the size and industry distribution of employment.

     

Corruption in business — Are management attitudes right?

Corruption in business is as old as business itself. Corruption exists to some extent in all cultures, under all market systems and in all countries. The objectives of this paper are not to stand in judgement or to consider moral issues. This article considers the findings of a study concerning managerial attitudes towards corruption in business. The methodology involves a number of scenarios which could be construed as being deviant or dishonest. These are presented to respondents. Respondents are then asked questions regarding each situation. The findings were interesting. While the sample in general condemned corruption and corruptive practices, the perceived participation by the peer group was higher than one would have expected. The findings of a more comprehensive study of a similar nature should be meaningful to corporate policy in this regard, not only in respect of corruption, but also when decisions have to be made regarding the receipt of gifts.Leyland F. Pitt is Senior Lecturer in Marketing in the Department of Business Economics at the University of Pretoria. He holds B Com(Hons) and an MBA from Pretoria University. He has wide business experience in industry. He is a well known consultant to commerce and industry.Russell Abratt is Assoc. Professor of Marketing at the Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He holds a B Com from the University of the Witwatersrand and MBA and DBA degrees from the Graduate School of Management at Pretoria University. He is a consultant to companies in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Swaziland.     

Making EU Trade Agreements Work: The Role of Rules of Origin

A key element of the EU's free trade and preferential trade agreements is the extent to which they deliver improved market access and so contribute to the EU's foreign policy objectives towards developing countries and neighbouring countries in Europe, including the countries of the Balkans. Previous preferential trade schemes have been ineffective in delivering improved access to the EU market since only a small proportion of the available preferences have actually been utilised. The main reason for this is probably the very restrictive rules of origin that the EU imposes, coupled with the costs of proving consistency with these rules. If the EU wants the ‘Everything but Arms’ agreement and free trade agreements with countries in the Balkans to generate substantial improvements in access to the EU market for products from these countries then it will have to reconsider the current rules of origin and implement less restrictive rules backed up by a careful safeguards policy..     

农产品不公平贸易政府行为的市场动力及耦合机制研究

由于一些国家经常采取各种手段,实施不公平竞争,导致了农产品贸易摩擦的频繁发生:一方面,任何农业贸易政策都是政治市场均衡的结果。发达国家的政府为获得农业利益集团的政治支持,倾向于采取贸易保护政策。另一方面,农业目标必须与其他行业目标保持平衡,同时,农业贸易政策目标也是多元化的,存在各目标彼此协调的问题。在不确定性环境中,农业政策的形成具有连续性和惯性。     

Strategic trade policy with endogenous choice of quality and asymmetric costs

This paper examines strategic trade and joint welfare maximizing incentives towards investment in the quality of exports by an LDC and a developed country. Firms first compete in qualities and then export to an imperfectly competitive, third country market. Under Bertrand competition, unilateral policy involves an investment subsidy by the low-quality LDC and an investment tax by the developed country, whereas jointly optimal policy calls for the reverse so as to reduce price competition by increasing product differentiation. Under Cournot competition, unilateral policy is also reversed from the Bertrand outcome, but jointly optimal policy involves a tax in both countries.     

掉到水里你并不会淹死

受疫情影响,最近世界各国可谓焦虑万分。商贸受限、流通受阻、经济发展受到严重威胁。鉴于疫情对全球卫生安全带来的严重威胁,为了抑制疫情蔓延的势头,保护本国人民健康安全。不少国家开始封锁边境与航空港,为此造成交往受限,出行受阻的困境。不仅国际航空业的业务量已近跌近谷底,由其引来的多米诺连锁反应,造成国际旅游目的地与国际会议目的地的业务量,也呈现出直线下降的态势。不少围绕会奖旅游业发展的跨国旅游企业与公关公司都被迫停止营业并进行大规模裁员。     

中国物流业如何迈向现代化

自从我国学界在20世纪70年代引入了物流概念,迄今已有几十年的历史,物流业在我国经济发展中的作用也渐渐凸显出来,但总的说来与发达国家相比还存在着显著的差距,专业化物流服务也刚才刚起步,内在质量及运作效率亟待提高,物流总体质量方面的潜力尚待挖掘。而且物流业集中度低,物流业服务需求离散度高,从而造成了我国供应商物流需求偏低。物流作为"第三利润源泉",对整个国民经济的影响是巨大的,中国物流业必须做大做强。因此,中国物流业如何迈向现代化是摆在我们面前的现实问题。     

浅析我国汽车金融服务业

本文认为,汽车金融服务业是指以商业银行、汽车金融公司、保险公司、信托联盟组织及其关联服务组织为经营主体,为消费者、汽车生产企业和汽车经销商提供金融服务的市场经营活动和业务。汽车金融服务业既是汽车产业的主要赢利方式,也是金融业发展的新途径。文章提出,针对当前我国汽车金融服务业存在的诸多问题,为促进我国汽车金融服务的发展,应根据我国的特殊国情,从国家宏观经济和对金融业的监管要求出发,积极借鉴国外汽车金融公司经验,做好基础建设,实现银企合作,健全社会和个人信用保障体系,精心培育市场,创新汽车金融服务,形成多种组织机构共同参与、公平竞争、相互补充、繁荣发展的我国汽车金融服务业的新局面。     

Do small businesses create more jobs? New evidence for Europe

In this paper, we argue why, in our view, the so-called dynamic classification method should be favored when determining the contribution of small businesses towards job creation. First, it is the only method that consistently attributes job creation or loss to the size class in which it actually occurs. In addition, dynamic classification has two other advantages: (1) it is not vulnerable to the so-called regression to the mean bias, and (2) only a small number of aggregated data are required for its application. Using the dynamic classification, we analyze job creation within the different size classes for the 27 Member States of the European Union. Our main findings are as follows. For the EU as a whole, smaller firms contribute on a larger scale towards job creation than do larger firms. Net job creation rates decrease with each firm size class. This pattern occurs in most industries, however, not in all; the manufacturing industry and trade industry show different patterns. At the level of individual countries, the net job creation rate also tends to decrease with each firm size class. However, this relationship is not perfect.     

International Capital and the Environment in Latin America

Summary

This century's end has been witnessing an increase in environmental concern. While initially a subject of developed countries, developing countries began to realize that the trade off between developing and conserving the environment has to be equated to give present and future generations a chance of success in their development efforts. Thus far, the approach taken by both developed and developing countries towards correcting environmental problems has been primarily dominated by command and control type of regulations, whose success is clearly a function of the regulator's enforcement capacity. Yet, there are signs that this approach is changing towards a more participatory mixed environmental policy model. This change has further stimulated the growing “environmental industry,” in which international capital plays a major role. This paper discusses these recent trends in the context of the conservation of the Latin America and the Caribbean environment.     

天津市电子信息产业攀升全球价值链战略研究

本土企业攀升全球价值链不仅是改变产业“低端道路”的路径依赖,也是发展中国家摆脱发达国家“俘获”的重要选择。以天津市电子信息产业为例,从跨国公司市场势力、产业链垂直预占及产业定位三个方面分析制约本土企业产业升级的因素。应明确产业定位、提升产业链创新能力、培育产业合作网络.     

产业升级、战略性贸易政策与发展中国家的目标产业选择

本文认为,产业升级理论指出了产业结构演变的方向,对政府制定产业规划具有重要指导意义,但由于它是从大的历史跨度进行分析,在具体实践中不容易应用。而战略性贸易政策为不完全竞争条件下政府的贸易干预提供了新的依据。但战略性贸易政策要在发展中国家取得良好的效果,必须满足一定的基本条件,其中目标产业选择最为关键。文章提出,发展中国家在"合适技术"产业上更具有比较优势,能更好地满足战略性贸易政策实施的约束条件,是现阶段发展中国家战略性贸易政策目标产业的明智选择。     

International trade policies,industrialization, and economic development

During the 1950s and 1960s, most developing nations, particularly the larger ones, strongly opted for a policy of import substitution industrialization (ISI). This was based on heavy protection and generally led to very inefficient industries. Since the early 1970s, an increasing number of developing countries deregulated their economies and liberalized trade, and this stimulated efficiency and growth. Some developing nations also tried strategic trade policies and to endogenize growth (as postulated by endogenous growth theory), but with only limited success. It seems impossible and inconsistent under the new international trade rules, however, for other developing countries to duplicate the East Asia “miracle,” which was based on strong government support for domestic industry while stimulating competition and efficiency among domestic firms. The successful completion of the Uruguay Round is expected to greatly benefit developing countries through continued deregulation and increased access to developed-country markets.     

Trade policy,export expansion,human capital and growth

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade policy on export expansion and on GDP growth in developing countries while controlling for the human capital stock and the initial level of development. By using a simultaneous system estimation we unite the approach found in the export expansion and growth literature with the approach found in papers that estimate the effect of trade policy on growth, while also making several improvements in the estimation of the underlying relationships. The results obtained from our estimation are more credible because of these improvements and therefore have stronger policy implications. We find that outward-oriented trade policies substantially and significantly impact growth in developing countries not only by directly enhancing exports but also through a feedback (or multiplier) effect.     

非互惠的零关税待遇是否促进了受惠国的出口多样化——基于中美对非洲贸易政策的比较研究

非互惠的优惠贸易待遇是世界贸易组织和国际社会支持发展中国家尤其是最不发达国家发展的重要工具。为了评估该政策的效果,本文以中美对非洲实施的零关税待遇为例,采用2001—2017年HS8位贸易数据从整体、行业和区域层面评估了两种政策对受惠国出口多样化产生的影响。结果显示,美国零关税待遇分为AGOA-GSP和AGOA-服装两个条款,中国零关税待遇(FOCAC)在遵循WTO规则、受惠商品范围、受惠国家标准、原产地标准及政策有效期方面均优于AGOA-GSP,但在原产地标准灵活度和政策优惠力度方面低于AGOA-服装。这些特征导致三类政策对受惠国出口多样化的影响产生显著的差异。整体上,FOCAC和AGOA-服装对受惠国出口多样化均产生了显著的积极影响,而AGOA-GSP的影响不显著;行业层面,FOCAC对受惠国制造业、矿业和农业的出口多样化均产生了显著的促进作用,而AGOA的两个条款对受惠国三个细分行业出口多样化的影响均不显著;区域层面,三类政策对受惠国出口多样化的影响仅在部分区域发挥效果。