改革全球治理机制 共同应对气候变化

一、改革全球治理机制改革全球治理机制涉及世界的政治、经济和社会的发展,目前尚未在这个领域达成广泛的国际共识。在这方面,迫切需要改革全球治理机制,实现共同发展,特别是要解决高收入国家和低收入国家之间的差距,这个差距是不可接受的。历史证明,现行的国际治理机制,比如国际货币经济组织(IMF)、国际能源机构和世     

中央与地方政府博弈背景下的企业政治战略——基于合法性视角的分析

中国经济改革的一个特征便是地方政府与以前相比获得了更多的权力.这一现象虽然有利于促进地区经济的发展,但带来的一个问题便是中央政府与地方政府经常出现由于利益不同导致的博弈.在这种经济环境仍旧处于制度相对不稳定的状况下,企业实施适当的政治策略,能够影响政府法律法规的制定,形成有利于企业发展的制度环境.文章从制度基础观的合法性角度分析在中央和地方政府利益博弈这种不稳定环境中,企业应如何实施政治战略,以建立竞争优势,实现长远发展.     

法律,政治和金融

本文通过正式的经济计量方法和历史案例研究验证了各种解释金融发展制度差异的历史因素。在评估三种已有金融发展的历史决定理论的同时,文章对其中的一种理论进行了理论扩充。与其他同类文献相比,本文是第一篇同时考虑法与金融、政治与金融、金融发展禀赋观点的论文,也是首篇用两个不同的政治结构数据来评价政治结构与金融发展之间的关系的文章。     

转型经济下中国国有企业的制度创业——以国家开发银行为例的案例研究

对国家开发银行在经济体制改革背景下的制度创业进行了案例分析,构建了转型经济下国有企业制度创业的影响因素模型和策略选择模型,并提出了相应的研究假设。研究发现:当国有企业与地方政府合作进行制度创业时,交易成本、创业者特质、功能压力、社会政治压力以及边界错位对制度创业的动机有正向作用;新兴场域中的网络边缘位置、边界桥接和边界错位对制度创业的机会发现有正向作用;合作策略和蓝海战略对制度创业的经济结果有正向作用;合作策略、蓝海战略、政治策略和理论化策略对制度变迁有正向影响;合作策略和政治策略对制度创业的外部性有正向影响。     

近代长江流域城市经济联系的历史考察

长江流域,特别是长江下游流域.,早在唐宋就取得了基本经济区的地位,明清以后更有发展。但在古代,由于其内部各分区之间联系松驰,影响了其政治上的重要性。进入近代以后,由于中国被迫对外开放,对外贸易取得相应发展,轮运业、电讯和铁路交通的发展也为长江流域经济的紧密联系提供了有效手段,特别是近代工商业的发展,使长江流域经济愈来愈成为一个整体,并在我国整个国民经济中占有十分重要的地位。近代长江流域紧密的经济联系主要是通过长江沿线的大中城市进行的,而这种经济联系本身也给城市的发展提供了动力。下面,我们将分别对长江流域城市经济在近代中国的地位以及这种经济联系的手段、内容和作用作一历史考察。     

汇率制度与经济增长:来自亚洲发展中国家和欧洲发达国家的经验研究

汇率制度选择在国际金融学和发展经济学领域都是一个重要课题.已有的理论文献和实证研究文献试图通过研究汇率制度选择对各种宏观经济变量和金融变量的影响来确定一种最优汇率制度,但这两组文献都未能提出令人信服的答案.该文运用雷因哈特和罗格夫(2004)提出的新的汇率制度分类方法,研究汇率制度选择与亚洲新兴发展中经济体和欧洲发展国家经济增长率之间的关系.我们发现了两个有趣的经济规律:第一,对发达的欧洲国家而言,更具弹性的汇率制度带来较高的经济增长率,而经济增长率的差异并非取决于汇率制度选择;第二,对于亚洲新兴经济体而言,更具弹性的汇率制度却会带来较低的经济增长率,并且会导致经济增长出现更大的波动性.我们的发现证实了最优汇率制度选择取决于经济发展水平这一结论.     

中国改革模式转型:从“鸟笼结构”向“丛林结构”

一、从“纯经济学范式”到“复合经济学范式”转变进入21世纪以来,随着中国经济总量增加和经济增长所表现的潜在成长性,中国改革模式开始受到世界的关注和研究。由于中国经济的发展按照自身的逻辑走了一条超出西方主流经济学所能解释的、独特的发展道路和发展模式,由此在学术界引发关于华盛顿共识与北京共识的讨论。中国改革模式超出了西方主流经济学的解释范围。中国改革的过程是一个把西方经济学在研究过程中作为常量舍去的历史、政治与文化一一进行还原的过程。在这一过程中形成了具有中国特色的改革模式。立足于中国已有的政治、文化、…     

浅议加深经济一体化力度的若干措施

经济一体化是当代世界经济政治发展的一个新特．点和新现象，同时。它会对今后形势的发展产生深远影响。几十年以来，随着经济一体化进程的推进．不少相关的理论与实践案例应运而生。经济全球化是当今世界经济发展的客观进程，经济一体化是为实现经济全球化这一目标必经的历史阶段。几十年以来．随着经济一体化进程的推进，不少理论与实践案例应运而生，这对于我们在新形势下加快发展中国经济、提升中国的国际地位不无启示。     

全球化空间重组与中国长三角城市“呼应构想”

江苏南部昆山的案例研究显示:在经济全球化时代,中国的长三角地区正创造一个崭新的全球化空间。文章延用城市"呼应构想"概念,来具体解释地方的这种发展驱动策略和政策,包括经济上的重组和政治/行政上的重构。在与临近城市上海的并行发展中,昆山是如何通过"机会袭夺"以改变国内外投资的策略取向,进而超越这些大城市中心以完善并扩展自己的经济联系。这一调查结果显示地方政府在决定城市和区域发展中仍然扮演了具有举无轻重的角色,这不仅应对了全球化进程,更是加速了长三角地区的全球化作用和联系。     

中国农信社改革的制度保障与重建

一、引言 农信社改革至今，热点的问题凸现为产权结构和历史包袱两个方面。前者的核心问题在于内部人控制、外部人干预的格局形成的制度经济学因素以及路径依赖问题；后者的核心是指经济发展过程中，由于金融部门（包括人民银行、农业银行、信用社）、中央政府与地方政府、乡镇企业以及农民之间某一个或者多个的行为导致的农信社的坏账问题。同时，我们还发现，这样的历史问题不单单局限在这两个方面，而是涉及到农村合作金融发展、农村金融供给（正规金融与地下金融）以及农业经济发展（特别是农村集体经济损失）的问题。因此，解决农村信用社的改革与发展问题，无疑成为三农问题的一个关键点。     

Shock therapy and the transfer of institutions: the new debate and some lessons from the post-1806 reforms in Prussia and in southwestern Germany

There is a new debate on shock therapy versus gradualism in economics, this time referring to developing and emerging countries. The French Revolution and its impact on the other European nations has repeatedly been highlighted as a historical example for both the merits and pitfalls of the Big Bang strategy. The present paper argues that a comparison between the post-1806 reforms in Prussia and in the southwestern states of Germany offers a particularly interesting historical case study that in the economics literature has not yet received the attention it deserves. In particular, the case study shows how deeply intertwined the economic and political dimension of social transformations are, and that different economic reforms strategies cannot and should not be evaluated without taking political starting conditions into account. In view of recent reform experiences it is particularly interesting to see that Prussia offers maybe the first historical case of state capture by the East-Elbian Junkers.     

Turkmenistan: From Communism to Nationalism by Gradual Economic Reform

Turkmenistan's economic performance during the first decade after independence is interesting because it is an extreme case, regularly ranking last among all the former centrally planned economies by transition indicators measuring speed of reform or degree of economic liberalization. This paper analyses the evolution of the economic system and Turkmenistan's economic development since 1991. The country's abundant resource endowment provided favourable initial conditions for pursuing an agenda that gave a low priority to economic reform, while emphasizing the country's neutrality and minimizing internal political change. Nevertheless, in 1997 the unreformed economy suffered a deep decline and, although it has enjoyed some recovery since 1999, the overall performance of GDP since independence is one of the worst among all transition economies. Although the government had achieved its external and internal political goals, the economic strategy appeared to be unsustainable.     

Towards Post-neoliberal Resource Politics? The International Political Economy (IPE) of Oil and Copper in Brazil and Chile

The contemporary commodity boom is unprecedented in two ways. On the one hand, it takes place against the backdrop of the failure of neoliberal policies to achieve stable economic growth in Latin America. On the other hand, Left-of-centre governments, which have now been in power for over a decade, are designing new strategies to manage the increase in export earnings accrued from sustained international demand for commodities. In particular, Brazil and Chile have undergone significant market opening reforms in their resource sectors, yet persistent state ownership and the dominant role of state enterprises in key extractive industries continue to characterise their growth models. This article explains this puzzle through the application of Mahoney and Thelen's (2010) historical institutionalist framework on incremental change. In so doing, it offers a process-oriented approach in exploring how resource wealth under certain economic and political conditions provides leverage for states to promote economic development. In sum, the article hopes to contribute to the literature on neoliberal and post-neoliberal political economies in Latin America.     

Economic Liberalism and the State: Dismantling the Myth of Naïve Laissez-Faire

The article offers a critique of the prevailing understanding of the relationship between neoliberalism and classic nineteenth-century liberalism in contemporary international political economy (IPE) and offers a redefinition inspired by Polanyi and Gramsci. Within critical IPE studies, a consensus has emerged that neoliberalism cannot be reduced to a simple attempt to roll back the economy and let loose free-market forces. However, this insight relies on contrasting neoliberalism with a classic liberalism, that is, a simple attempt to implement just this naïve laissez-faire ideology. In contrast, this article argues that nineteenth-century liberalism is also characterised by an active use of state and legislative power. Through a historical study of two cases from nineteenth-century Britain, Poor Law reform and the Gold Standard, the paper will argue that state action played a central role even during the heyday of laissez-faire liberalism. With a starting point in Polanyi’s dictum that ‘laissez-faire was planned’, this reinvestigation will point towards a need to develop a more nuanced understanding of the distinctions between economic theory, ideology, and practical policy, as well as pointing towards a general reinterpretation of the role of the state in liberal economic ideology.     

Are Islamic stock markets efficient? A time-series analysis

This article investigates the weak-form informational efficient hypothesis for three major Islamic stock markets (world, emerging and developed). Unlike previous studies, we applied different parametric and nonparametric tests to investigate efficiency in the short and long horizons. Using recent data over the period May 2002–June 2012, we developed a time-series analysis of Islamic stock price dynamics in the context of the recent global financial crisis (2008–2009). Our analysis offers two interesting results. First, emerging Islamic stock markets seem to be less efficient than developed Islamic markets, suggesting interesting investment opportunities and diversification benefits from this region in both the short run and the long run. Second, nonrejection of the cointegration hypothesis for developed Islamic markets and the global conventional stock market point to efficiency for the former in the long term, even if it is inefficient in the short term. This finding has at least two economic and political implications: (i) investors who seek moderate risk would do well to opt for Islamic funds in developed countries, particularly as they share the same tendency and provide similar expected returns in the long term as conventional funds, (ii) Islamic financial systems can offer a useful model that can help to reform and remodel conventional financial institutions.     

The Impact of the Welfare State and Social Policy on the Working Population: The Recent British Experience

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”     

Uncertainty,informational spillovers and policy reform: A gravity model approach

Reforms often occur in waves, seemingly cascading from country to country. We argue that such reform waves can be driven by informational spillovers: uncertainty about the outcome of reform is reduced by learning from the experience of similar countries. We motivate this hypothesis with a simple theoretical model of informational spillovers and learning, and then test it empirically using an approach inspired by the gravity model. We find evidence of informational spillovers both with respect to both political and economic liberalization. While the previous literature has focused only on economic reform, we find that the spillovers are particularly important for political changes.     

Inflation,a disease of society

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”     

Has Nguyen Phu Trong's Leadership Curbed Economic Reform? Economic Reform Trends in Vietnam

This paper argues how the features of Vietnam's political‐administrative system and their recent changes have affected economic reform, particularly reform of state‐owned enterprises. After the 12th Party Congress in 2016, the Party Secretary General Nguyen Phu Trong's administration has seemed to exaggerate its conservative and totalitarian‐looking rule in the political arena. In contrast, the economic reform policies introduced by Trong's administration seem more transformative and progressive. This paper suggests that this contradiction must indicate changes in the policies relating to the state management of economic entities and/or a disguised form of reform to retain state influence over economic management, both of which tend to end up with pervasive rent‐seeking practices.     

“两房”与美国的住宅金融市场--兼论中国保障房融资机制创新

金融危机使“两房”和证券化倍受诟病。本文试图从历史、政治、经济、内生机制和外部市场环境等多个视角系统梳理美国住宅金融体制演变及“两房”和证券化的作用。通过梳理历史,客观评析了“两房”的创立对促进美国传统住宅金融向现代金融转变的积极作用,分析了网络经济泡沫破灭后金融市场环境和“两房”自身资产结构变化及诱发的危机的金融与实体经济因素。并着重剖析了后危机时代“两房”成为政府救市的工具运作机理和未来美国住宅金融市场改革的要点。最后提出我国保障房融资机制匮乏,应建立政策性住宅金融体系。