农田水利管理改革中的农户参与和高效用水——基于淮河流域的实证研究

该文采用对淮河流域农户调查数据,利用DEA方法测算农田灌溉用水效率,并构建Tobit模型分析农户参与灌溉管理后对灌溉用水效率的影响。结果显示当前灌溉用水效率普遍较低,而且变化范围较大,目前灌溉用水的使用还处于规模报酬递增阶段;参与式灌溉管理可以提高灌溉的及时性,能够激励农户更加高效地使用灌溉用水,而且对低收入农户高效用水的效果更为明显。这些表明加强农户参与有助于农田水利管理体制改革节水增效目标的实现,能够推动灌溉管理改革健康、持续、深入地进行。     

中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响

本文的研究旨在检验政府采取参与式灌溉管理（PIM）和用水者协会改革政策的效果。对湖北漳河灌区和东风灌区208户农户的问卷调查资料进行了统计分析和计量经济模型分析,研究结果表明用水者协会的成立对农户灌溉水资源供应和农业生产产生了积极影响。调查中有80％的农户肯定了用水者协会的作用,用水者协会调动了农户进行渠道维护和管理的积极性。用水者协会可以继续作为我国灌溉管理改革的一个方向和选择。     

中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响

本文的研究旨在检验政府采取参与式灌溉管理(PIM)和用水者协会改革政策的效果。对湖北漳河灌区和东风灌区208户农户的问卷调查资料进行了统计分析和计量经济模型分析,研究结果表明用水者协会的成立对农户灌溉水资源供应和农业生产产生了积极影响。调查中有80%的农户肯定了用水者协会的作用,用水者协会调动了农户进行渠道维护和管理的积极性。用水者协会可以继续作为我国灌溉管理改革的一个方向和选择。     

集体行动逻辑与灌区农户灌溉行为分析——基于中国漳河灌区微观数据的研究

文章以漳河灌区农户灌溉行为的微观数据为基础,采用计量分析方法,论证了农户灌溉行为受大水利渠系状况、水利设施产权制度、基本用水保障率和资源禀赋等多种因素的影响;进而验证了文章提出的理论命题。研究结果显示,在优先考虑基本用水保障率较高的灌溉方式的前提下,农户会选择一种灌溉费用最小的灌溉方式;责权明晰的水利设施管理制度有利于灌溉用水费用的节约,催生了农户自主治理灌溉事物的行动;受制度环境和自身资源禀赋约束,农户灌溉事务集体行动只局限于狭小的范围内。文章认为,渠系状况的改善,水利设施治理制度的明晰,农民集体行动能力的增强是农村水利和谐发展的关键。     

水资源"农转非"的影响及补偿措施的建议——基于浙江省的研究

浙江省作为经济大省,城市与农村水资源配置矛盾十分突出,水资源"农转非"是经济、社会发展和城市化不断推进的必然趋势.随着水资源不断地"农转非",会对农业生产和农民生活用水造成影响.而现行的对农户的利益补偿措施不到住,农户满意度不高,完善水资源"农转非"的补偿机制已刻不容缓.     

基于市场开放度的林业市场中介组织发展模式

本文主要从林业市场中介组织的内涵入手,对相关概念和交易方式进行了辨析,通过研究分析我国林业市场中介组织的发展现状及其存在的问题,提出了"事业组织+农户"、"公司+农户"、"合作社+农户"等三种可能的发展模式。     

我国农村市场中介组织发展模式研究

文章从我国农村市场中介组织的内涵入手,对相关概念进行了辨析,通过研究分析我国农村市场中介组织的发展现状及其存在的问题,提出了"事业组织+农户"、"公司+农户"、"合作社+农户"等三种可能的发展模式。     

"公司+农户"经济组织模式的违约行为与对策研究

"公司 农户"经营组织模式是农业产业化经营中最重要的组织模式之一,但其在实际运行中,双方主体均存在大量的违约现象.运用博弈论分析了"公司 农户"经营组织模式契约的形式,并重点对缔约环境及违约行为的原因进行了分析,提出了相应的解决办法.     

农业经济组织形式的选择和政府政策

农产品进入市场的途径有两条:一是单个农户或农民进入市场;二是农户以组织的形式进入市场.单个农户进入市场受到诸多因素的限制,要承担较大的市场风险.农业生产组织分为两类:一类为他组织形式;另一类为自组织形式.后者是农户自身为治理的主体、"利益共享、风险共担"的生产组织.自组织形式将是我国农业经济组织今后发展的主导方向.这是因为,自组织在诸多方面都存在着明显的优势.当然,组织本身也存在不可忽视与小农经营方式有关的缺陷,这要求农户+农户的自组织模式的发展需要政府作为外部的支持力量存在,这有别于此前农业经济组织的政府干预模式.     

"公司+农户"契约设计及价格形成机制

由于信息不对称、组织分散、资金技术劣势和政府干预偏向等原因,农户在与公司的谈判中处于弱势地位,其利益受到严重损害。这直接导致了"公司 农户"契约关系的不稳定性。决定合同价格的最主要因素是农户参与项目的机会成本及其组织化程度。因此,建议一方面应不断促进市场的发育和完善,形成龙头公司之间的良性竞争机制,改变"龙头"垄断的局面;另一方面应积极建立各类农业经济合作组织,提高农户谈判能力,改变农户"一家一户"面对公司的状况,真正提高农户进入市场的组织化程度。     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。     

生物群落结构原型的仿生学模拟

模拟生命系统管理规律的科学即管理仿生学,是知识时代仿生学研究的新领域与前沿.基于模拟生物群落结构规律的研究目的,采用仿生学模拟的研究方法,以生物群落结构为原型,建立了仿生群落结构模型.结论为:垂直结构、水平结构、时间结构与交错区结构是支持生物群落生命活动的结构规律,以该规律为原型,推理建立了仿生分层结构、仿生优化结构、仿生动态结构与仿生相邻结构,四种仿生结构分别侧重于管理资源的分层管理、局部优化管理、动态过程管理、相邻关系管理,该模型为建立类似生物群落的人造管理系统即仿生群落管理系统提供了仿生结构模型.可以预测,该模型具有广泛的应用价值,能够推动管理仿生学的发展.