大学生创业中地方政府角色定位缺失与对策

地方政府在大学生创业过程中扮演什么样的角色,对大学生是否参与创业以及大学生创业是否能够取得成功至关重要。然而,目前地方政府在大学生创业中的角色定位是缺失的,其角色缺失主要表现在以下三个方面:一是创业政策制定者角色的缺位;二是创业协调监督者角色的错位;三是创业服务者角色的虚位。因此,地方政府必须做到:创业政策制定者角色要补位;创业协调监督者角色要正位;创业服务者角色要实位。只有这样,地方政府才能够在大学生创业过程中扮演好自己的角色。     

浅谈银行如何有效防范地方政府融资风险

在94年国家进行分税制改革之后,财政收入向中央政府集中,这加剧了各地方政府事权与财权不平衡的局面,政府融资平台为地方政府拓宽了融资渠道。进入2008以来,受国际金融危机的影响,我国实施了宽松的货币政策和积极的财政政策,推动了各地方政府融资平台飞速发展,在应对金融危机方面起到了重要作用。但是地方政府融资债务疯狂增长下其隐藏的风险已经逐渐凸显出来,值得我们关注。本文从银行的角度浅析了银行如何防范来自地方政府融资的风险。     

The effectiveness of using e-collaboration tools in the supply chain: an assessment study with system dynamics

Developments in information technology, in recent years, have enabled major advances in electronic commerce, which is growing at a very fast pace. Although business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce seems to be slowing down due to economic conditions, business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce still represents the next generation of business automation.Taking advantage of new technologies, today provides an opportunity, but will be a must in the future. The use of Internet e-collaboration tools will increase in this new era. They play a role of “value creation enabler”, but at the same time they generate a wide range of new business and market “complexities” that companies have to face.This paper presents a classification of “managerial spaces” where multiple trading partners share critical information using e-collaboration tools and assesses the possible local and global impact on the supply chain (SC) performance. This is made by means of a SC model conceptualization and a simulation study with system dynamics.     

生态文明背景下的地方政府行为研究

十七大报告首次提出要建设社会主义生态文明,各地纷纷开始了生态文明建设,一些地方取得了举世瞩目的成就。在生态文明的建设过程中,地方政府起到了关键作用。但是,如何发挥地方政府的引领作用却是一个有待研究的课题。本文从生态文明建设的长效机制入手研究地方政府应该如何作为,以期对生态文明建设提供理论支撑。     

Public welfare and state-local government finance

Many state and local governments in the United States have experienced major financial problems during the economic recessions of the 1970s. These problems can be attributed to (1) the instability associated with the present tax structure, resulting from the increasing importance of unstable taxes and (2) the rapid increase in welfare expenditures which can be categorized as uncontrollable. In financing public services including welfare, state and local governments can organize their tax structures so as to dampen the effect of business cycles. This paper develops concepts and methodology to be used in identifying efficient tax structures.     

Using methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making to provide decision support concerning local bioenergy projects

The public sector plays an important role in the German “Energiewende”. Besides energy management in municipal properties the local government can also support the switch to renewable energy sources through a change in energy supply structures within in their region. Methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) from Operations Research are helpful regarding that challenge, as they are able to assess the sustainability of local energy concepts, since they not only offer stakeholders the opportunity to participate, but also consider multiple conflicting criteria. In that way, the acceptance of local energy projects and the participation of stakeholders in the decision process are supported. The case study presented in this paper illustrates the results of a MCDM process employed to identify a sustainable bioenergy concept in a rural village in Lower Saxony, Germany. Our analysis revealed not only the opportunities and challenges associated with executing an MCDM process to support the realization of local bioenergy projects, but also discusses potential limitations of the methods.     

Innovation in service internationalization: the crucial role of the frantrepreneur

This paper introduces the concept of a new entrepreneurial role in services that we call the frantrepreneur. This is based on two case studies of the internationalization of two US franchisors, one in temporary services (Sweden) and the other in computer training (Australia). The frantrepreneur is defined as a franchisee who innovates by adapting a standard service concept to meet local conditions. This role is a further refinement of a series of earlier concepts concerning entrepreneurship roles such as the intrapreneur. This paper provides an indepth evaluation of the roles adopted by the frantrepreneurs and how they changed the original service concept. They did not passively accept the standard service concept and they developed an unusual partnership role with their franchisors with a two-way influence over the business. Although the innovations of frantrepreneurs were mostly in the form of small and incremental changes they standardized their developments to facilitate further adoption. The frantrepreneurs appear to play an important role in smoothing the adaptation and adoption of innovation in the internationalization of a franchise operation.     

美日英城市规划立法模式比较

发达国家在城市规划管理制度的建设和实践中,形成了不同的规划立法制度模式。从规划立法中的中央与地方关系、立法主体的特征及其关系、监督制约机制等方面入手,分析和总结了美英日三国规划立法制度模式的特点及其制度实践中的经验教训,对于思考和探索适合我国当前城市规划的制度建设的路径和方法,提供了重要的借鉴和启示。     

Local Government Finance and Industrial Policy in China

The paper considers the way in which the system of local government finance in China affects the design of local industrial policy. It starts by using recently collected data from selected cities to demonstrate the importance of indirect taxes for financing local services. It then presents a theoretical model which shows how the financing system can lead local governments to distort local industrial structure. Finally, it uses this model to consider whether the 1994 tax reforms can be expected to reduce these distortions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Competition for private capital and central grants: the case of Japanese industrial parks

Local governments invest in public infrastructure to develop their regions. When they depend on intergovernmental grants for local development and have opportunities to lobby upper-level governments for such grants, horizontal intergovernmental competition in lobbying activity may emerge in addition to competition over public infrastructure. This paper empirically examines the existence of these interactions between Japanese localities, by using data on the value of industrial parks as infrastructure provisions and on personnel interchanges between the central and local governments as a measure of lobbying activity. Our results suggest that a Japanese local government’s choice of the size of industrial parks and its invitation to central officers to act as a director on loan are positive responses to the neighboring local government’s policy choices. As the value of the industrial parks in a district is affected by the neighboring districts’ lobby activities and their industrial park values, we can interpret these results as evidence of inter-regional competition in these two dimensions, rather than control by the central government in this unitary state.     

地方政府土地出让目标取向研究

目前我国地方政府在土地出让中,以土地收益极大化和招商引资作为双元目标取向,对地方财政、土地资源配置和社会稳定等造成不利影响.借鉴国际经验以及按照政府的双重身份和科学发展观的要求,地方政府土地出让的目标应为促进城市土地合理利用和适度土地收益,应采取相应政策措施消除地方政府土地出让目标扭曲的客观基础,促进土地出让目标和行为的合理化.     

城市公共服务的价值估计、受益者分析和融资模式探讨

城市生活质量决定城市价值.城市政府所提供的各类公共服务,直接影响着居民在城市中生活的舒适和便利程度,关系到城市长期发展的动力.围绕此主旨,论文探讨了3个相关的问题.第一,如何估计城市公共服务这些非市场的价值;第二,这些城市公共服务的成本承担和利益享受是否匹配;第三,怎样的公共口融资模式能够使上述关系更为匹配.基于显示性偏好法中的特征价格模型,利用北京市住宅市场和土地市场的徽观和个体交易数据,实证结果表明,居民愿意为居住在地铁站、公交车站和公署周边一定范围(0.8公里)内分别支付住宅价格的17.1%、12.4%和6.4%,但是,这种价值并没有被资本化到土地价格中.这表明,居民对城市公共服务偏好的住处并没有被房地产开发企业以地价的形式传递给政府,开发企业成为实际的受益者.以房地产价值作为税基的物业税的征收使信息可以从居民直接传递至城市政府,将使城市公共服务的融资模式更为合理.     

The interaction between public and private governments: An empirical analysis

Private governments, found in planned developments and condominiums, are increasingly common methods of delivering local services to residents. This paper provides the first empirical study of their impact on local public finance. A novel data set of homeowners' associations allows construction of a panel of private governments in California. Panel methods test whether public expenditures respond to private government prevalence. Estimates indicate that local governments lower spending moderately in response to private government activity, consistent with strategic substitution. The paper then examines various mechanisms to explain this downloading and shows that the substitutability between public and private providers is key to which services are downloaded. Evidence also suggests that the economies of scale in service production in small cities temper the offloading of public services to private governments.     

谈节能减排与经济持续发展

文章分析了在解决好经济发展和环境保护矛盾时,政府和企业所担当的角色及在节能减排过程中的作用,提出政府引导企业实施节能减排的最优策略,达到既保持经济持续发展,又增强企业竞争力的目的。     

谈节能减排与经济持续发展

文章分析了在解决好经济发展和环境保护矛盾时，政府和企业所担当的角色及在节能减排过程中的作用，提出政府引导企业实施节能减排的最优策略，达到既保持经济持续发展，又增强企业竞争力的目的。     

Technology before engineering: How James Bond films mediate between fiction and reality in the portrayal of innovation

Imaginary technical devices and machinery portrayed in the James Bond films are known to have inspired real innovation activities. This paper investigates the dynamics of cultural entrepreneurship behind this phenomenon. It presents a hermeneutic analysis of the James Bond film series which identifies various patterns in the portrayal of technology which create labels and vocabularies for innovation activities and cognitive legitimacy for their implementation. These patterns have little in common with systematic approaches known from industrial research and development. They are instead related to general strategies of sense-making among users, which neglect practical issues in engineering. Drawing on Suvin's concept of the novum, the paper describes this as a transformational approach to innovation, which is less interested in the actual characteristics of a new artefact, but rather its function as an enabler for change.     

Managing People and Technology for Enhancing Competitiveness

Abstract

Technology underpins business. This is evident in service sectors like the software industry, which is global in nature. The management of technology is well known in the software industry, where software professionals are the key enabler and knowledge carriers. The performance of the firm depends on the effective management of the technology by its workforce. Indian software industry is well known for its skilled software professionals and their technological knowledge to handle the domestic market and global projects as well. However, the global market share of Indian software industry is less than two percent. With such a dismal market share, can the Indian software industry call itself a global player? In view of this, there is a need to re-look into the strategies for sustainable and healthy industry. This paper discusses two key issues, people and technology, for enhancing the competitiveness of the software industry of India. The article also presents two case studies dealing with the issues related to the people and technology and examines how software firms explore the technology advantages in software development Operations.     

Optimal taxation and intergovernmental transfer in a dynamic model with multiple levels of government

In this paper, we study the optimal choices of the federal income tax, federal transfers, and local taxes in a dynamic model of capital accumulation and with explicit game structures among multiple private agents, multiple local governments, and the federal government. In general, the optimal local property tax is zero if the local property tax is constrained to be nonnegative, whereas the optimal local consumption tax is always positive. When the local consumption tax is chosen optimally, the federal income tax can be either positive or negative. For most reasonable parameter values, our numerical calculations have shown that with a positive local consumption tax there exists a reverse transfer from local governments to the federal government.     

论应急物流体系的构建及其运作管理

对应急物流的产生、涵义和特点做了简要介绍,提出应从保障机制到救灾款项、技术平台与物流中心的建设以及应急物资的采购、运输与储备等方面来构建应急物流体系;建立了应急物流运作流程基本框架,指出应急物流成功运作的关键是加强政府在应急物流组织保障工作中的作用、加强应急物流信息保障系统和交通运输保障体系的建设。     

Tax Competition and Revelation of Preferences for Public Expenditure

This paper considers a federal country composed of local jurisdictions that differ in their inhabitants' tastes for public goods, and which finance local public expenditure through a source-based tax on capital income. The taste for public goods is the private information of local governments. The central government seeks an optimal policy, in which grants to local governments are conditioned on local tax rates. The uninformed central government seeks both to allocate capital efficiently among jurisdictions, and to induce jurisdictions to provide an efficient mix of private and public consumption. It is shown that there persist at this constrained optimum both some misallocation of capital and some violation of the Samuelson rule for optimal public good provision in every jurisdiction.