Language and foreign trade

While language plays an important role in gravity models, there has been little attention to the channels through which a common language promotes bilateral trade. This work proposes separate series for a common language depending upon whether ease of communication facilitates trade through translation or the ability to communicate directly. The series related to direct communication is far more important in explaining bilateral trade, but the other series, based on translation, makes a distinct contribution as well. Either measure of a common language outperforms the measure in popular use, which is implicitly related to translation, and a combination of the two does far better. In addition, the paper examines the effect of two country-specific linguistic influences on trade: Literacy and linguistic diversity at home. Both of these influences promote foreign relative to domestic trade. Finally, the article studies the separate roles of English and network externalities.     

对外贸易在中国的发展之路

中国是传统农业大国,工业基础较差。改革开放以后,以对外贸易驱动的外向型经济加速了中国的产业结构的调整,中国经济开始走向腾飞。对外贸易不仅带来中国工业的迅速发展,创造了更多就业机会,也为中国积累了巨大的财富。对外贸易扩展了中国经济发展的视野,坚定了中国政府和人民坚持改革开放,对外发展的信心。     

China's foreign trade policy and world trade organization membership

This paper provides an overview of China's major economic reforms and how they impacted certain key domestic economic indicators such as income, production, employment, and prices. More importantly, the paper concentrates on China's foreign trade focusing on such issues as import and export policies, exchange rate controls, foreign investments, balance of payments, traded commodities, and major trading partners. China's chance of becoming a member of the World Trade Organization is also addressed.     

贸易自由化渐进性与中国外贸政策的适应性

经济全球化代表着一种新型的国际经济关系的产生与发展,其最核心的内容包括生产的一体化、贸易的自由化与金融的国际化,而贸易自由化既是经济全球化的先导,又是经济全球化程度加深的主要促动因素。不论是过去,还是现在,乃至可预见的未来,贸易自由化的过程都具有鲜明的渐进性特征。本文拟对贸易自由化的渐进性进行历史考察并作出理论解释,以便为我国”入世“后外贸政策的调整及体系构建提供一种思路。     

国际贸易形势及对中国对外贸易的影响

一、当前国际贸易发展特点 当前国际贸易形势总体是有利上于我国在更大范围、更广领域、更高层次上参与国际经济技术合作和竞争,既有机遇又有挑战.国际分工深化,新一轮国际间产业转移给我们带来新的发展机遇,同贸易伙伴的贸易摩擦增多,遭遇越来越多的非关税贸易壁垒是我们面临严峻的考验.     

新疆对外贸易竞争力研究

以竞争力理论为基础,应用定性和定量相结合的方法,通过对新疆贸易现状的分析和国际、国内的比较,认为在经济全球化下如何竞争已成为世界各国（包括地区）政府、国际组织和理论学术界关注的焦点之一。从理论和实际的结合上研究在世界经济结构调整下的国际竞争力与提升新疆贸易竞争力问题,对于新疆深化改革、扩大开放,以发展为主体、结构调整为主线、体制创新和科技创新为动力,采取渐进式的发展模式提升地区的贸易竞争力,使新疆这一边疆地区与全国一同登上世界经济舞台,积极参与国际竞争,到21世纪中叶达到中等发达国家贸易水平,具有重要的现实意义。同时提出了新疆贸易竞争力提升的对策措施和政策建议。     

主要国际贸易理论对中国外贸发展的启示

本文对比较优势理论、产品生命周期论、产业内贸易理论、国家竞争优势论以及战略性贸易理论进行分析,对这些国际贸易理论对中国外贸发展的启示进行了阐述,指出不能偏重某一理论而忽视其他理论的适用性,要综合运用好这些理论,为中国外贸发展提供借鉴.     

OEM方式对中国外贸发展的影响

随着经济全球化的发展,加工贸易在我国对外贸易中所占的比重越来越大,对我国外贸的发展也起着越来越举足轻重的作用.本文通过分析OEM方式对我国生产企业的影响来阐述其对中国对外贸易发展的影响,并提出对加工贸易的看法.     

经济全球化与中国对外贸易

二十一世纪对中国来说，充满光明和希望，相伴而来的机遇和挑战并存。日益错综复杂的国际形势和世界经济环境给我们提出了一系列需要深思熟虑和谨慎处理的问题，其中一个最主要的问题就是经济全球化。一、加速经济全球化进程的三大因素经济全球化的进程正在加快，而且越来越快。促进经济全球化速度加快的因素有很多，但主要有以下三个方面：１．跨国公司的迅猛发展成为推动经济全球化的重要动力。二战后，跨国公司数目急增，主体优化，直接投资规模扩大，地区分布和产业分布范围延伸，极大地推动了全球化进程。据有关资料统计，全球有５．４…     

2007年中国对外贸易形势展望

一、对2006年中国对外贸易的回顾 2006年以来,在国际市场供求两旺,国民经济持续增长的形势下,中国商品进出口保持了近几年快速增长的态势.根据海关统计,前11个月进出口总额达到15935.6亿美元,比上年同期增长了24.5%.     

浅谈提升我国对外贸易结构的对策

改革开放以来,我国对外贸易取得的很大的进展.特别是四年来,我国对外贸易的发展已经连续保持四年25%以上的增长速度.以进出口商品结构,进出口商品市场结构和进出口贸易方式来度量的我国对外贸易结构也得到了改善,但是与其他发达国家相比,我国对外贸易只能从数量和规模上说算是一个大国,同强国之间还存在一定的差距.因此,我国对外贸易如何真正实现从"大"到"强"的转变是关键.本文首先简要介绍近几年来我国对外贸易结构的现状,据此总结近年来我国对外贸易取得的成就,并结合现状提出存在的问题.最后浅谈提升我国对外贸易结构的对策.     

Optimal foreign trade for the price-insensitive soviet-type economy

For a centrally planned economy in which the planners do not substitute among goods, either in production or consumption, in response to changes in relative prices, the short-run offer curve is in general backward-bending, and the planners will be indifferent as to whether the country is “small” or “large” in world markets as long as it faces an elastic foreign offer curve. The Soviet Union is found to have a backward-sloping offer curve in trade with the Western market economies. This suggests that systematic Soviet manipulation of this trade in order to earn monopoly profits is unlikely.     

外贸单证的"三要点"学习法

本文把外贸单证知识以"三要点"的形式加以概括和说明,从工作的主线、工作的过程、单据类型、基本单据、主要当事方等十一个方面进行了论述,对大家理解和掌握相关知识将起到很大的帮助.     

Economic determinants of Soviet foreign trade with Eastern Europe

Using a cross-sectionally correlated and time-wise autoregressive pooling procedure, we have obtained long-run estimates of export and import elasticities of Soviet-East European bilateral trade with respect to supply, demand and trade resistance factors. Our results indicate that Soviet exports to East Europe during 1963–1973 was, for most product groups, determined by demand conditions found in the East European partner countries while Soviet imports from Eastern Europe, for the same period, was for most product groups determined by East European supplies.     

中国对外贸易质量评价体系研究

在构建对外贸易质量评价指标体系的基础上,本文从外贸发展和外贸效益两方面衡量了中国的对外贸易质量。研究显示,对外贸易促进了中国的经济增长、加速了技术进步、优化了产业结构,但也存在着一些问题,如贸易促进整体经济增长的同时显著地扩大了地区间经济增长差距,就业推动作用有限且处于下降趋势,技术溢出效应存在地区差异等,为此,本文提出了改善中国对外贸易质量的政策建议。     

对我国外贸发展规模与质量问题几点思考

改革开放二十多年来，我国对外贸易已具有了相当规模，对我国经济增长做出了巨大的贡献。但同发达国家相比还存在着很大的差距。召集世界经济陷入低迷状态，我国还要履行入世承诺。在这种“内外双紧”的环境下，我国对外贸易保持适度的发展规模，同时改善外贸质量显得尤为重要。     

OEM方式对中国外贸发展的影响

随着经济全球化的发展，加工贸易在我国对外贸易中所占的比重越来越大，对我国外贸的发展也起着越来越举足轻重的作用。本文通过分析OEM方式对我国生产企业的影响来阐述其对中国对外贸易发展的影响，并提出对加工贸易的看法。     

Demand uncertainty and foreign trade in the UK tobacco industry

The concern about the potential health harzards of various tobacco products in the UK has led many tobacco companies to exploit markets in underdeveloped countries. These markets are relatively safe since the health risks of tobacco are not yet fully known. The possibility, therefore, arises that domestic producers might exploit certain markets to provide a form of profit insurance, exporting surpluses when domestic demand is unexpectedly low. This study concentrates on the UK cigarette industry. However, similar analysis could be performed for any uncertain market where a certain alternative exists that can be exploited at relatively low cost.     

The Organization of foreign trade under capitalism and socialism

We study the effectiveness of various ways of organizing foreign-trade activities utilized under capitalism and socialism. A normative theory of organization is developed based on the costs and benefits of processing and acting on information by the organization. We survey the forms of organization employed by large American firms, Japanese trading companies, and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and evaluate their development on the basis of our normative theory. In all systems, there is a steady approach toward organizational forms that produce direct links between producers and international markets. Such ties, however, appear to create greater difficulties for socialist countries than for capitalist firms.