我国养老基金投资的财务分析

养老基金在资本市场中的投资回报是养老基金增值的唯一途径,如何投资运营养老基金是养老金计划中最重要的财务决策。随着我国人口老龄化程度的提高,养老基金的支出压力越来越大。为此,有必要对我国养老基金的投资现状进行分析,探寻提高我国养老基金运作效率的方法和途径,真正实现养老基金的保值增值。     

Mutual fund selection and performance persistence in 401(k) Plans

We examine how plan sponsors/providers select mutual funds for 401(k) plans and whether performance persistence exists for mutual funds listed in 401(k) plans. Using a hand-collected data set of 401(k) investment options, we find that plan sponsors are likely to choose actively managed growth funds, including aggressive growth funds and long-term growth funds. Furthermore, more than 50% of the mutual funds in our sample of 401(k) plans are selected from the top 10 fund families in terms of total net assets. On average, plan sponsors select funds that outperform the funds with the same investment objective and that have low expense ratios. The performance of mutual funds in 401(k) plans only persists in a short horizon. Our analysis indicates that the menus of 401(k) investment options do not exhibit a signaling effect, indicating that investment options in 401(k) plans do not supply useful information about the future performance of mutual funds for investors in selecting mutual funds.     

我国养老保险基金投资运营的问题及对策分析

我国人口老龄化加速发展，如何确保养老基金保值增值，提高养老基金运营监管及投资收益，在人口老龄化加快发展的现实中变得极为重要。文章从养老基金的投资运营状况分析，同时建议我国养老基金投资渠道放宽，以利于养老基金进入资本市场获取较高的投资收益。并对养老保险基金进行多元化投资和加强基金的监管做出具体建议。     

Learning by doing: Active employer sponsored retirement savings plan participation and household wealth accumulation

This paper investigates the impact of household exposure to employer pension plan features using the Health and Retirement Survey. We investigate whether exposure to active management (choice) or participation in plan-sponsored financial education seminars impacts household portfolio allocations and wealth. We consider interactions between pension design and investment patterns outside of workers’ pension plans, utilizing two parametric estimators: the random effects probit and the multivariate probit. We extend our results non-parametrically via propensity score matching. We find repeated evidence that both of the plan features improve asset allocations and financial outcomes for recent retirees, especially when used together.     

The impacts of benefit plans on employee turnover: a firm-level analysis approach on Taiwanese manufacturing industry

Employee turnover is a serious problem and the question of how to retain highly talented and valued people is very important. Previous employee turnover studies were mostly focused on the individual level but rarely from the standpoint of the business or firm. This study examines the impacts of four kinds of benefit plans on firm-level employee turnover issues, namely, retirement fund, pension, severance pay and fringe benefit. The present study uses the Census Bureau Employment Movement Survey of the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics in Taiwan. The two models used to examine the overall manufacturing industry were: (1) the inducement model which tests the ‘with or without’ effect; and (2) the investment model which tests the ‘the more the better’ effect. Results reveal that, with respect to the firm's employee turnover rate, retirement fund and fringe benefits are negative while severance plans are significantly positive. These results are consistent with the transaction costs theory that total expenditure on these plans to retain employees (bureaucratic cost) is less than the market arrangements (transaction cost). In addition, the impact of pension plans is negative in respect of employee turnover in larger or more highly educated firms, but positive in firms with a lower educational level. Moreover, the firm size is negative while the firm's average employees' educational level is positive with respect to the workforce leaving their jobs. These results are consistent with the perspective of resource-based theory and human capital theory. Incidentally, this study also reveals insignificant differences between the ‘with or without’ effect and the ‘the more the better’ effect existing as a sub-group industry rather than across the entire industry.     

Agency costs and the discount rate for public sector enterprises

In this paper, we examine the implications of agency costs on the discount rate for public sector enterprises (PSEs); we do this in the framework of the Capital Asset Pricing Model. With the addition of agency costs, the discount rate for Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) under uncertainty becomes the risk-adjusted discount rate plus a premium for agency costs; under certainty, the discount rate for PSEs is shown to be the risk-free rate plus a premium for agency costs. Use of a discount rate by PSEs without adjusting for agency costs both under certainty and uncertainty, will lead to sub-optimal capital investment decisions by PSEs.     

基于资金净值的个人账户养老金动态调整研究

为了建立一个既能自动实现平衡,又能充分发挥养老功能的个人账户养老金调整机制,本文根据精算平衡原理,基于个人账户的资金净值构建养老金的动态调整模型。研究表明,本模型能够自动修正预测偏差,自动实现精算平衡,且具內生性;不仅可以在总量上保持平衡,最大程度发挥养老功能,而且每年的支付能力也是充足的;具有稳健性和可操作性,对调整因子等价转换后,调整养老全时就不要对参数进行预测了。     

企业年金基金委托投资效率的模拟实证分析

文章根据《企业年金基金管理试行办法》的有关规定,对企业年金基金委托投资后的效率进行了模拟实证分析。比较了不同投资管理模式下的投资绩效,分析了委托费用率对企业年金基金委托投资绩效与企业年金目标替代率的影响。     

Capital structure,investment unanimity,and public goods: the case for social responsibility

This paper examines the concepts of optimal capital structure and investment in an economy where government’s role is the provision of a public good. That public good is financed through current tax revenues and the sale of government securities. Absent such complications, traditional finance theory has established the equivalence among (competitive) value maximization, unanimity, and Pareto optimality. In the setting of this paper, however, the market value of government securities is not determined by the value of public good production, and the correspondence between value maximization, Parto optimality, and unanimity will not generally hold without significant restrictions on the tax structure. Otherwise, value maximization is neither an optimal nor unanimously supported objective for the firm.     

Agency costs and audit quality: evidence from France

The IFRS mandatory adoption in European countries is an excellent context from which to assess the validity of accounting choice theory, which postulates that information asymmetry, contractual efficiency (agency costs) and managerial opportunism reasons could drive the choice. With this aim, we test the impact of these factors to explain the adoption of fair value for investment properties (IAS 40) in the real estate industry, taking into account the ‘revaluation’ option offered by IFRS1 and using historical cost without revaluations as a baseline category for comparison purposes. We select a sample of European real estate companies from Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and Sweden, all first-time adopters of the IFRS. Using a multinomial logistic model, we show that information asymmetry, contractual efficiency and managerial opportunism could account for the fair value choice. Particularly, the most significant findings are that size as a proxy of political costs reduces the likelihood of using fair value while market-to-book ratio is negatively associated with the fair value choice. On the other hand, leverage, another typical proxy of contracting costs, seems not to influence the choice. This evidence confirms the current validity of traditional accounting choice theory even if it reveals, in such a context, the irrelevance of the usual relations between accounting choice and leverage.     

随机利率下缴费预定计划职业年金的替代率研究

事业单位养老保险制度改革关系到我国基本养老保险制度的改革进程和可持续发展问题,而面对事业单位养老金替代率90％,企业单位替代率60％的差距,事业单位养老保险制度改革遇到了一定的阻力．本文考察了如果采用缴费预定计划（Dc计划）建立职业年金,事业单位养老保险的替代率问题．养老金的投资收益率是影响替代率的关键因素,而这一因素受金融市场影响较大,这里假设它为随机变量。研究发现：（1）由于女性职工的法定退休年龄早,平均寿命又比较长,对于相同的缴费率,男性的养老金替代率明显高于女性的替代率;（2）缴费率是影响替代率的另一因素,为了保持较为合理的替代率,实现养老保险制度的平稳改革,我们建议合适的缴费率为11%。     

Sole sourcing,competitive sourcing,parallel sourcing: Mechanisms for supplier performance

Quality management practitioners in the USA such as W. Edwards Deming, strongly advocate the Japanese model of supplier relationships-recommending substantial specific investment in a single supplier for improved co-ordination and higher quality. But the strategy literature and conventional wisdom favor multiple sourcing, suggesting that a high level of specific investment in a sole source will lead to problems with supplier performance. Using agency theory, we construct a model to evaluate the tradeoff between the costs to set up and coordinate with suppliers and the incentive for performance provided by competition. We find that the validity of Deming's Point Four, that sole sourcing is more profitable than competitive sourcing, depends on parameters such as profit sensitivity to supplier performance.     

中美高校基金运用比较研究

本文通过对美国大学基金筹集和管理的研究,指出美国大学基金的投资理念和投资策略,包括做好高校品牌营销工作、培养学生的回报意识、成立募集资金专门的机构、建立一套完善的规章制度等,阐述这些理念和策略对于我国大学基金运用的启发意义,以便提高我国高校基金的使用效率。     

融资结构与资本预算方法选择

传统的资本预算方法因没有考虑负债对企业的影响,权衡理论认为负债会给企业带来节税收益,降低股东与经理之间的代理成本,同时也会给企业带来财务困境成本和股东与债权人之间的代理成本。修正现值法、权益现金流量法和加权平均资本成本法,是西方主流反映负债融资对投资项目价值正负效应杠杆企业的资本预算方法。本文对此进行了探讨。     

The dynamic investment and exit decisions of venture capitals

This study develops a continuous time model to examine a complete two-stage decision process for venture capitals (VCs), including investment in the private market at Stage 1 and exit through IPO in the public market at Stage 2. Optimal timings, investment terms, and exit decisions are investigated using the real options game theory under two cases: the same required returns in the public and private markets and a higher required return in the private market than in the public market. Our results indicate that the same required returns in the public and private markets generate an optimal investment decision at Stage 1 without relation to the exit decision in Stage 2. However, when the required return in the private market is higher than that in the public market, the exit decision will influence the investment decision. The size of the initial capital, ownership structure, growth rate and risk of industry, required returns in public and private capital markets, extent of lock-up period price pressure, and transaction costs of financing are important factors influencing the equilibrium results.     

The impact of public pension board of trustee composition on state bond ratings

The declining financial health of public pension systems is increasingly becoming a budgetary concern for many state and local governments. While the academic literature has identified several factors behind the growth in unfunded state and local public pension liabilities, there is mixed evidence on how the composition of a pension system’s board of trustees affects a pension’s financial health. This article contributes to this literature by measuring how public pension board composition affects fund financial health as measured by state bond ratings. With a panel dataset of state pensions between 2001 and 2014 our results indicate that elected board members are consistently associated with lower bond ratings (and thus higher borrowing costs) while appointed and ex-officio board members are associated with higher bond ratings. These results are robust to a number of specifications.     

Portfolio Selection and the Investment Performance of the UK Pension Funds*

Pension funds are the main institutional investors, accounting for 38 per cent of personal sector net financial wealth. As a result of their growing importance in mobilizing personal sector saving, they have emerged as the principal institutional investor, controlling over £200bn of funds at the end of 1987, their total net assets equalling 38 per cent of personal sector net financial wealth. Pension funds also dominate domestic asset markets, owning 27per cent of the stock of outstanding UK equity, 23 per cent of UK government securities and 17 per cent of total UK holdings of overseas equity. In this paper we present the conclusions from recent research, undertaken as part of an updating of the LBS Financial Model. Our results suggest that UK pension fund investment since 1980 is better than previous studies have suggested and, in particular, that funds outperformed the equity market in the 1980s, offering a higher return for any given level of risk. In addition fund behaviour is slow to change, with past behaviour exerting the strongest influence on current investment patterns. Fund managers also appear guilty of “short termism” in that they place little weight on events beyond the next three months. However, this has not made them inefficient. Finally, we find that actions to restrict the funds' surpluses should not affect their investment behaviour. Our results also suggest that the costs from exchange controls in the 1970s were substantial, amounting to some £4bn per year.     

开放式证券投资基金费用率的实证研究

我国证券投资基金费用结构的设计较多地借鉴了美国投资基金业的经验,但由于依附的资本市场发展程度不尽相同,在费用种类和费用比率方面还存在着一定差异。基金运作费用是我国投资基金管理过程中一个有争议的话题。本文从多角度对我国开放式证券投资基金运作费用的现状进行了实证研究采用多元线性回归方法,以中国开放式证券基金费用率为主要研究对象,结合国外对于此问题的相关研究,从基金的业绩,单个基金的规模,以及基金类型三个方面进行实证分析。     

Employee health insurance decisions in a flexible benefits environment

This study investigates the factors which influence employees' choices among different health insurance options under a flexible benefits plan. Employee-specific selection and demographic data provided by the former National Cash Register (NCR), were used to analyze the effects of employee and plan characteristics on choice of health care plan. Results suggest that employees' health plan choices are influenced by premium, deductible, and coinsurance amounts, and by employees' age, gender, salary, and marital status. The results are considered within an expected utility maximization model. Implications for the design of flex plans as well as future research and theory are discussed. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

浅谈财政专项资金效益审计的重点及方法

本文从财政专项资金项目的申报立项、资金流向、管理活动、制度运作、资金使用、效益产出等方面的审计探讨了财政专项资金效益审计的重点内容与方法，提出了开展财政专项资金效益审计的一些新思路。