人力资本与社会资本视角的西安农民工城市融入实证研究

通过建立模型,对人力资本、社会资本与农民工城市融入的关系进行多元回归分析。分析表明,农民工人力资本中的文化程度、技能培训和健康状况与农民工城市融入呈显著正相关,以农民工寻找工作时间、交往范围和参加社会组织情况为代表的社会资本对农民工城市融入有着显著影响。为促进进一步城市融入的实现,政府与社会均应积极采取有效措施,充分提升农民工的人力资本和丰富其社会资本,加快我国城市化的健康发展与新型城镇化战略的推进落实。     

城乡市场的分割和统一

建设新农村需要内生的持久的机制。城乡市场分割是我国新农村目标得以实现的根本性障碍，农民无法平等参与市场活动导致城乡收入差距不断扩大。因此，新农村建设的内生机制最为根本的是市场制度创新。创新的市场制度的基本功能能够有效地克服要素流动的障碍，并能在等价交换的基础上保障农民收益。     

Why do Women feel the way they do about market work: the role of familial,social and economic factors

Various empirical studies find evidence of that women tend to underestimate the probability that they will work in the market in the future. This can lead to initial under-investment in market human capital and resulting earnings penalties later in life. However, virtually no study investigates the familial, social and economic factors that cause women to plan/expect not to work. Thus the onus of “incorrect” plans is placed wholly on the women, and society absolved of any responsibilities in helping form those plans. This work uses data from the NLSYW and investigates the effects of a wide range of factors on women's future work plans. Results indicate that plans are definitely not formed in a vacuum, and that familial, social and economic circumstances all play a decisive role in shaping them. Some suggestions are made for policy formation to encourage women to plan on working in future.     

Investigating the determinants of domestic bonds: the role of socio-economic and institutional factors

This article investigates the determinants of the size of domestic bond market using economic, social and institutional factors. We expand the body of existing literature by suggesting that economic and social environment as well as institutional settings vary between developed and emerging economies. The article uses recent data from a wide range of countries, incorporates a variety of macroeconomic variables, social indicators and institutional factors to reassess the determinant of domestic bond markets. Robustness of the empirical analysis is established through both two-stage least squares and generalized method of movements techniques. The results of this article show that the size of the economy, breadth and depth of the banking system, the monetary policy stance, the degree of openness, the level of corruption, the degree of civil liberty and status of market access to investors, all play a crucial role in the determination of the size of the domestic bond market. We also find differences across developed and emerging market samples. The results are robust to different specifications and the corresponding estimation techniques.     

Married womens' tastes and the decision to participate in the labour market: results from a fixed effects model

In the paper, we report estimates from two logit models of Women's labour force participation. A model with out fixed effects, estimated from cross-sectional data-indicates a significant postive relation between work experience and particiption. We ask whether the relation is due to a causal influence extered by the former variable on the latter or to a common underlying variable: taste for market attachement. To answer this question. we present results from a fixed effects model estimated from panel data. In this model, the estimated coefficients of experience are insignificant, suggestion that a taste for market attachement underlies both experience and participation is the presence of preschool children.     

农村市场中介组织:国内研究述评

发展农村市场中介组织,对解决农村小生产与大市场之间的矛盾具有重要作用.本文对国内衣村市场中介组织研究的角度及其目的、研究的理论依据、方法及其主要结论进行了综述,并做了简要评价,提出结合中国农村市场的特殊性,明确界定农村市场中介组织的内涵,揭示组织演化与制度环境改变之间的内在联系,寻找农村市场中介组织发展的一般规律是后续研究需要特别关注的问题.     

Measuring the poverty reduction potential of land in rural Mexico

To help inform the current debate on the role of land as an instrument for poverty reduction, we analyze the conditions under which access to land reduces poverty in Mexican rural communities. Semi-parametric regression results show that access to even a small plot of land can raise household welfare significantly. For smallholders, an additional hectare of land increases welfare on average by 1.3 times the earnings of an agricultural worker. In addition, the marginal welfare value of land depends importantly on a household's control over complementary assets such as education and on the context where assets are used such as road access.     

推进农村市场体验营销的对策

推进农村市场实施体验营销,应该从农村市场的特点出发,做好以下几方面的工作:提供培训机会,创造学习体验;带动农民致富,创造收获体验;重视客户沟通,加强情感体验;调查促销方式,创造快乐体验;把握农村需求,提供个性体验。     

The market for land: An analysis of interim transactions

An ‘interim sale’ is a sale undertaken with the intention of buying back the same good in the near future. Interim transactions play a prominent role in several markets and they tend to generate multiple equilibria. Such markets can get caught at a low-turnover equilibrium. It is alleged that in many LDCs the market for buying and selling land is extremely inactive. An interim-transactions model is constructed to explain this phenomenon. Wider issues in land markets, including distress sales, are analysed as well. The model is applied also to labour-tying and seasonality in backward agriculture.     

“新土改”与打造实力型农村企业同步推进的有效模式——甘肃省临夏州八坊清河源公司的调查报告

当前正在进行的以三权确立为核心的新土改,为我国少数民族地区农村带来了强大的发展机遇。国家推行新土改的根本目的,不仅仅是土地确权和加速流转,更重要的是要通过要素流动来助推实体经济的形成和发展。甘肃省临夏回族自治州的清河源公司多年的经营实践证明,我国少数民族地区的国扶贫困区也是能够基于严重的贫困区情、严酷的发展环境和条件,通过新土改和土地流转,加速支持和快速形成大中型现代化种植公司和养殖公司,从而带动周边农村发生一系列重大变化,带动少数民族农村人口的身份、就业、工作、劳动和收入机制的创新转型,将新土改与打造实力型农村企业同步推进,取得了一定的经验,值得我国其他少数民族地区参考和借鉴。     

Transition to market economics: Employment and informal activity in rural areas

According to the neo-liberal model, the high levels of unemployment and collapsing real wages of transition will reallocate labor to new activities. But whether and how households actually reallocate labor is the subject of growing debate. We use survey data from Bulgaria to develop a typology of rural households based on their labor allocation characteristics. We find a diversity of outcomes. A significant share of households experience no change in labor allocation, some shift labor to own commercial enterprises, but a significant minority are displaced from the emerging market economy. Potential for informal activity among these households appears limited. Of great concern is the regional concentration of such households.     

Transition to market economics: Employment and informal activity in rural areas

According to the neo-liberal model, the high levels of unemployment and collapsing real wages of transition will reallocate labor to new activities. But whether and how households actually reallocate labor is the subject of growing debate. We use survey data from Bulgaria to develop a typology of rural households based on their labor allocation characteristics. We find a diversity of outcomes. A significant share of households experience no change in labor allocation, some shift labor to own commercial enterprises, but a significant minority are displaced from the emerging market economy. Potential for informal activity among these households appears limited. Of great concern is the regional concentration of such households.     

On the transaction values of land use rights in rural China

Land Use Rights (LURs) in China affect farmers’ productivity through investment incentives and the way land is allocated across households. LURs have implication and trade-offs between equity and growth. This paper examines how Chinese farmers might respond if the Chinese government made it legal for farmers to buy or sell LURs. Livelihood choices, labor substitution, market infrastructure, a lack of property right protections, entrepreneurship, bureaucracy, and political will are all influential factors that will determine whether such a program would work. The purpose of this paper is to examine the economics of transaction in LURs, estimate the value at which LURs could transact in equilibrium, and to analyze factors that would affect these price changes. We evaluate farmer’s intention to buy and sell LURs and how much they are willing to pay and receive for LURs.     

浅析中国农村土地征收纠纷解决机制

根据中国农村土地征收纠纷的特点,完善中国农村土地征收解决机制,已经成为中国制度建设的重点。相关的制度建设应该包括：建立与被征地农民和被拆迁居民平等协商的机制,保障被征地农民的知情权、参与权和申诉权;政府只能在“公共利益”需要情况下征收土地;完善征地补偿制度,推行补偿标准听证;建立和健全农村社会保障机制,采取多项措施解决农民生活和生存问题;建立公平、公正、可行的征地纠纷裁决制度;完善诉讼等救济途径等。     

Analysis of the energy access improvement and its socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries

Access to modern energy is one of the most basic requirements for development. In rural areas of developing countries, there are a large number of people who do not have access to LPG and depend on traditional biomass such as wood, crop, and dung for cooking. In addition, energy has numerous and complex links with poverty reduction. Therefore, it is important to estimate the impacts of energy access improvement on socio-economic situation in the rural areas of developing countries quantitatively. This study focuses on socio-economic impacts of cooking demand through changes in stoves adopted by the rural households. We have developed an energy-economic model of rural areas in India to analyze the links between energy, income, and health hazard, applying both opportunity cost for using fuelwood and exposure to Resipirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM). As a result of the analysis, there is a positive relation between the opportunity cost and the average RSPM exposure of women in the rural areas. Following to increase in the opportunity cost, that is, income, the cost of an improved wood stove becomes relatively lower first than that of a traditional wood stove, and then a gas stove attains price competitiveness. It is achieved that the average RSPM exposure is below the WHO and Japanese criteria for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), 190 and 100 [μg/m³], at the opportunity cost of US$9 and 15/GJ, respectively.     

Why is the market for long-term care insurance so small?

Long-term care represents one of the largest uninsured financial risks facing the elderly in the United States. We present evidence of supply side market failures in the private long-term care insurance market. In particular, the typical policy purchased exhibits premiums marked up substantially above expected benefits. It also provides very limited coverage relative to the total expenditure risk. However, we present additional evidence suggesting that the existence of supply side market failures is unlikely, by itself, to be sufficient to explain the very small size of the private long-term care insurance market. In particular, we find enormous gender differences in pricing that do not translate into differences in coverage, and we show that more comprehensive policies are widely available, if seldom purchased, at similar loads to purchased policies. This suggests that factors limiting demand for insurance are also likely to be important in this market. Our evidence also sheds light on the likely nature of these demand-side factors.     

Caste discrimination and transaction costs in the labor market: Evidence from rural North India

This paper is an empirical attempt to quantify caste-based discrimination in the labor market using household data taken from rural North India. In the regression analysis, transaction costs associated with entry into the labor market and reservation wages are estimated simultaneously along with market wages. The estimation results provide evidence of the existence of transaction costs in the labor market and discrimination against backward classes with regard to access to regular employment. In line with previous studies, the results suggest that the achievements of India's reservation policy so far have at best been limited. In addition, a comparison between the estimates from the model employed in this paper and conventional (reduced-form) approaches shows that discrimination in labor market entry is likely to be underestimated in the conventional reduced-form approaches.     

External factors in emerging market recoveries: An empirical investigation

We estimate conditional duration models to analyse recovery processes in emerging market economies. Our reduced form specification is parsimonious, as we focus on exogenous factors, such as the effect of growth in the US, EU, and Japan on the prospects for recovery in emerging market economies experiencing recessions. The model confirms the importance of external factors in recovery processes. However, the short-run effect of Japanese growth on recovery prospects is unconventional: weak economic conditions in Japan turn out to facilitate recoveries.