Implementing Electricity Restructuring

Electricity is one of the last U.S.industries in which competition is replacingregulation. We briefly review the technologyfor producing and delivering power, the historyof electricity policy, and recent state andinternational experience. We then outline themajor questions facing policymakers as theydecide whether, when, and how to implementrestructuring. We conclude with some thoughtson the California electricity crisis and otherpolitical controversies. Although theCalifornia experience has come to define whatit means for electricity markets to fail, mostof the problems it raised are among those weknow how to solve or prevent. The stillunresolved make-or-break issue remains whetherthe cooperation necessary to maintainreliability is compatible with the degree ofcompetition necessary to bring about greaterefficiency and lower prices.     

Electricity Market Restructuring: Reforms of Reforms

Electricity systems present complicated challenges for public policy. In many respects these challenges are similar to those in other network industries in providing a balance between regulation and markets, public investment and private risk taking, coordination and competition. As with other such industries, naturally monopoly elements interact with potentially competitive services, but electricity has some unusual features that defy simple analogy to other network industries. Following a reversal of a long-term decline in real electricity prices, the last two decades of the twentieth century were for the United States a time of reform, reaction, and reforms of reforms in electricity systems, moving slowly towards greater reliance on competition and markets. Changing technology, new entrants in the generation market, and a legislative mandate to provide access to the essential transmission facility accelerated a process that required major innovations in institutions and operations. Complete laissez faire competition is not possible, and the details of an efficient competitive electricity market are neither obvious nor easy to put in place. The benefits of reform may be substantial, but they require careful attention to market design. A review of the past identifies some choices on the road ahead.     

世界电力产业的发展趋势对我国的启示--研究电力产业自然垄断、竞争和管制的重要意义

近年来,以打破垄断、促进竞争、提高效益、降低电价、改进服务为基本取向的电力产业改革,已成为国际电力产业的发展趋势。本文总结了以竞争为出发点的各国电力产业改革的共同点,并且针对我国电力产业的特殊性,提出研究电力产业改革的战略思路,并分析了电力产业自然垄断、竞争和管制的关系,是非常必要的。     

电力市场的困境:了解加利福尼亚重组的困难

从1994年开始,加利福尼亚就开始认真考虑重组其电力市场,其原因部分是由于当时该州的消费者面临昂贵的电力价格,部分是由于英国解除电力管制的范例。作者伯恩斯坦对加利福尼亚电力市场进行了全面的分析,包括价格、市场、合同等内容。文章认为,从历史来看,重建电力市场的行动起源于服务成本规则下对结果不满意的充分支持。尽管如此,电力市场已经证明,由于电力供给和需求同时极端缺乏弹性,重建的困难要比许多其他解除管制的典型市场大得多。对于那些目前还没有开始踏上解除电力管制道路的洲和国家来说,它们将明智地等待从加利福尼亚、纽约、宾夕法尼亚、新英格兰、英格兰和威尔士、挪威和澳大利亚等地方获取经验和教训。     

Institutional Change and the Problems of Restructuring the Russian Fishing Industry

This article discusses how the transition from a planned towards a market-based economy has affected the Russian fishing industry. It is based on a series of studies of the Northwest Russian fishing industry, where evidence from its past role and functioning is contrasted with the current situation. The conceptual perspective drawn on is institutional theory, with a focus on higher-order institutions. One of the main findings is that the fishing companies stand out as the only surviving party in the game. The losers are the land-based fish processing industry, the mother ship and transport fleet, and the support structures, which depend on the activities generated by the prime production (fishing). It is argued that the new institutional arrangements necessarily force a new adaptation among the fishing companies, and suggested that some of the changes of the higher-order institutions have been less successful than initially assumed, as there still are several adverse elements in the Russian institutional arrangements that hinder further transition toward a marketbased economy.     

电力行业规制政策的变迁及启示

在传统的自然垄断行业划分中,电力行业是具有强自然垄断性的,然而随着经济的快速增长,原来是垂直一体化电力垄断企业的生产力已经跟不上增长的需要,因此世界各国开始了电力行业的规制改革,主要的思路体现在引入竞争与完善政府规制方面.中国电力行业的改革,从政企合一,到产业重组,再到市场监管经历了不同的阶段.本文对各个时期电力行业政策的绩效进行分析,总结电力行业规制改革的经验与教训,为电力行业的进一步改革提供借鉴.     

政府产业重组规划、信号博弈与企业兼并行为

文章以2009年我国腾中重工公司兼并通用公司"悍马"品牌为现实索引,为水平兼并不存在"整合效应"的负盈利资产提供两种基于信号博弈的理论解释.第一种解释基于限制性定价的思路,说明在成本信息不对称的企业进行产量竞争背景下和在一定的市场环境下,总会对应一定负盈利水平的资产,使得低成本类型企业宁愿选择收购非盈利资产,以向竞争者显示其成本类型而得益.另一种解释引入政府推进产业重组的因素,当高效重组不同成本类型企业的概率条件和资产负盈利水平满足一定条件时,存在使低成本类型企业选择收购非盈利资产,以避免在产业重组中可能被低效兼并的分离均衡.     

产业关联效应分析及产业结构调整的政策建议

三次产业的直接消耗系数分析。直接消耗系数是以中间产品的投入形式来反映产业部门之间的生产技术上的联系的。当某一产业的最终需求发生变化时,该产业的总产出就要相应有所变化,从而该产业的中间投入也会相应发生变化,中间投入变化的数量就是由直接消耗系数决定的。通过分析直接消耗系数,能了解各产业在生产每一单位的产出时,需耗其他产业的产品数量。     

中国邮政产业市场结构重组目标、政策与路径

邮政产业不具有构成自然垄断性质的有效网络元素,因而邮政产业不属于自然垄断行业。基于这种认识,邮政产业的重组不能简单沿袭已有的对自然垄断行业的重组目标与政策,结构重组的政策选择要符合邮政产业的网络元素性质及与之对应的业务性质、成本形态。采用纵向分离与横向切割的方式,可以较好地实现邮政产业重组既要有垄断的垂直一体化结构,又要有竞争性市场结构的双重目标。     

中国钢铁工业战略结构调整的基本原则

结构调整是我国实现从钢铁大国向钢铁强国转变的关键步骤,在钢铁工业结构调整的过程中,必须坚持以“市场为导向,以改善品种结构、提高产品质量为中心;以老企业改造为重点;打破现行条块,进行资产重组,积极进行企业组织结构调整;充分发挥科技是第一生产力的作用,积极采用新技术,抓好节能降耗、环境保护、资源综合利用,实施可持续发展战略;实施走出去战略,特别是利用国外资源和国外市场”这几条基本原则。     

顺德家电产业集群的区域品牌建设研究

本文从品牌基础、产量规模、软环境基础三个维度分析了顺德家电产业集群区域品牌建设的优势；探讨了其区域品牌建设存在的主要问题；针对顺德家电产业集群区域品牌的生成路径与集群的成长特点，提出了区域品牌建设的发展建议。     

The Effects of Regulation and Regulatory Risk in the UK Electricity Distribution Industry

This paper examines the impact of regulation of the UK electricity industry on expectations of investors in the shares of regional electricity companies (RECs). This is done using event-study methodology where the movements of RECs' returns are compared to movements in the stock market as a whole. We then test for the presence of regulatory risk by modelling the conditional volatility of equity returns before and after 30 significant regulatory events using an ARCH process. Our results show no evidence of regulatory capture in this sector but suggest that regulatory risk does exist.     

电力行业管制改革与市场风险防范

为了提高电力行业的生产效率，许多国家对电力行业进行管制改革和重组，以引入市场和竞争机制，然而由于电力生产的特殊性，电力市场化改革蕴藏着巨大的风险。本文以2000-2001年加州电力危机为例，对电力管制改革所引发的市场风险进行分析，并就我国的电力改革提出了风险防范建议。     

The Impact of Industry Restructuring from 1971 to 1991 on the Employment Experience of Demographic Groups

Abstract
In this article, an empirical measure devised by Bonnell and Dixon (1983) is used to calculate the impact of structural change on the employment opportunities of males and females of different birthplace groups over the period 1971 to 1991. The measure calculates the percentage change in the employment of a particular demographic group¹ which would have occurred over the period 1971 to 1991, allowing for changes in the industry composition of employment, but holding constant both total employment growth and the group shares of employment in each industry. It is found that structural change had a greater negative impact on the employment opportunities of immigrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds (NESBs), compared with its impact on the employment experience of other birthplace groups.
However, further analysis which allows for the group shares of employment in each industry to vary suggests that the direction and degree of inter-industry mobility have an important influence on the effect of structural change on the employment opportunities of different groups. It is found that the apparent labour-market disadvantage experienced by people from NESBs in response to structural change is in fact offset by their revealed capacity for inter-industry mobility from declining to growing industries.     

Restructuring in the British Construction Industry: Implications of Recent Changes in Project Management and Technology

Theoretical and policy treatments of the processes and management of innovation in construction have neglected the complexity of the social practices in construction and the new conflicts between the parties that may arise from the introduction of organizational and technological change. Based on extensive interviews with contractors, consultants, suppliers and developers, this paper shows that new developments in project management and technologies have not eliminated the adversarial relations associated with the traditional contracting system but have created the potential for new conflicts in the construction sector that might affect innovation adversely. These problems may be further exacerbated by the impacts of these changes on skills and employment conditions in the construction industry. It is argued that these new conflicts suggest the need for research and policy initiatives to move beyond stylized generalizations of the industry.     

山西省煤炭行业并购重组的前因及后果分析

山西省煤炭行业并购重组于2009年达到高潮,引起了学术界和实务界的高度关注。文章首先对山西省煤炭行业并购重组的前因进行分析,指出解决历史遗留问题是直接动机,培育大型煤炭企业集团是间接动机,而全球金融危机的蔓延则是刺激因素。紧接着从承担社会责任、对煤炭行业的发展及对其他行业的发展三个方面分析了山西省煤炭行业并购重组的影响。由此指出,此次山西省煤炭行业并购重组要实现其目标,还有很长的路要走。     

Restructuring in the British Construction Industry: Implications of Recent Changes in Project Management and Technology

Theoretical and policy treatments of the processes and management of innovation in construction have neglected the complexity of the social practices in construction and the new conflicts between the parties that may arise from the introduction of organizational and technological change. Based on extensive interviews with contractors, consultants, suppliers and developers, this paper shows that new developments in project management and technologies have not eliminated the adversarial relations associated with the traditional contracting system but have created the potential for new conflicts in the construction sector that might affect innovation adversely. These problems may be further exacerbated by the impacts of these changes on skills and employment conditions in the construction industry. It is argued that these new conflicts suggest the need for research and policy initiatives to move beyond stylized generalizations of the industry.     

Determinants of Enterprise Restructuring in Transition: Description of a Survey in Russian Industry

The survey described in this article collects data on enterprise restructuring, ownership, competition, budget constraints and, particularly, institutions in Russian industry, covering the period between the start of 1992 and September 1999. On their own, the survey answers show a devastating restructuring crisis, massive privatisation, rather weak competition, unexpectedly hard budget constraints, an overwhelmingly negative and relatively positive assessment of formal and informal institutions respectively, and largely the same ruling networks as before the start of market reforms. Ironically, tentative results based on this survey indicate that important determinants of enterprise restructuring in Russian industry are exactly those on which least reform has been accomplished: stronger competition and better institutions go with more restructuring, while privatisation and harder budget constraints do not. The substitution, to some extent, of informal for formal institutions may have prevented even worse restructuring figures, but better formal institutions in general would have led to further improvements.     

The Regulation of the United Kingdom Electricity Industry: An Event Study of Price-Capping Measures

The privatization of United Kingdom utilities after 1979 established a regulatory regime based around price capping rather than return capping. This innovation was intended to provide a predictable framework that encouraged efficiency. An event methodology was used to examine stock market reaction to the main regulatory announcements affecting 12 Regional Electric Companies from flotation to 1995. The results indicate that the regulatory announcements were only a minor contributor to the persistent abnormal returns observed. The low connection between regulatory events, efficiency changes and abnormal returns at company level lead to a conclusion that the initial structural and control frameworks dominated the regulatory framework.     

新疆农业产业结构调整对农民增收影响的实证分析

本文采用实证分析的研究方法,建立回归模型,对新疆农业产业结构对农民增收关系进行深入分析.结果表明,林业的发展对农民增收贡献程度最大,其次是渔业和农业,林果业发展是未来新疆农业产业结构调整的重点.从目前情况分析来看.在农业产业结构中,农业收入占家庭经营纯收入比重很大,仍然处于主导地位,其次是牧业收入.林业的发展是未来新疆农民增收的一个重要支撑点,新疆农业产业结构调整应将重点放在林果业的发展上,促进新疆农民收入的长期增长.