假日经济对文化旅游的开发初探

"假日经济"近些年为旅游业提供了良好的发展契机,而在假日旅游中,文化旅游成为非常重要的一部分。如何在假日经济中利用文化来发展旅游,是当前旅游业发展的新趋势。目前,我国的文化旅游还存在一些问题,文章涉及假日经济对于文化旅游的意义、促进作用以及对策。     

假日经济对旅游业的影响及旅游发展因应对策

本文阐述了假日经济的含义和产生原因,分析了假日经济对旅游业发展的影响及假日经济中旅游业发展存在的主要问题,最后,文章从旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游景点、旅游社及旅游主管部门五方面提出了旅游业因应假日经济的主要措施。     

我国假日旅游的问题与趋势分析

国庆“旅游黄金周”自1999年以来我们所经历的第十一个了。它给我国的旅游业注入了新的活力。“假日旅游”一年比一年火爆,引起了一个又一个的旅游热潮,并带动交通、住宿、餐饮、娱乐等相关行业的全面发展,促成了“假日经济”的繁荣。但与此同时,消费的集中性引起的供需失衡又导致了一些新问题的出现。如何引导假日旅游可持续发展,假日经济将何去何从成为了业内的一个热点。     

从中国假日经济看旅游市场

近来假日经济在中国异军突起 ,已成为国民经济一个新的增长点。从我国现阶段的“假日经济”来看 ,主要还是以旅游消费为主 ,文章根据我国这几次长假中的狂热旅游消费 ,分析假日旅游消费中存在的问题 ,对这些问题展开分析 ,并提出一些解决建设。     

试析旅游业数据库营销

旅游业的蓬勃发展和人们旅游消费方式的多样化。使得满足旅游者个性化需求的数据库营销在西方发达国家的旅游企业中得到有效利用并取得很好效果。本文在对数据库营销的基本理论作简要说明的基础上，阐述了其在旅游业发展中的重要优势，进而就如何开展旅游业数据库营销进行了探讨。     

旅游企业经营管理中如何把握“假日经济”

伴随着国民经济的迅猛发展和国家宏观调整节假日政策的推进，旅游经济进入全面发展时期，“假日经济”已成为一种潮流。“假日经济”究竟为旅游企业带来了什么？是机遇还是挑战？旅游企业应该如何调整自身的经营管理模式来把握“假日经济”？面对这些问题，本文将首先来探讨“假日经济”给旅游企业带来的影响，并详细论述旅游企业经营管理中把握“假日经济”的应对策略，以期能够加强旅游企业对“假日经济”的准确把握，制定出高效、有针对性的应对策略体系。     

假日经济与河南省休闲旅游发展战略

假日经济是１９９９年我国出现的新经济现象,它对我国旅游市场产生了极大的影响。也给旅游来也发展机遇。就河南省如何抓住这次机遇,发展国内旅游消费市场进行了探讨。     

游客消费者惰性及和谐旅游市场构筑

旅游业的高速发展使得旅游市场中的"非和谐"现象日益严重,欺诈游客现象盛行,但是由于游客消费者惰性的存在使得游客鲜有投诉,这是法律制度不健全、游客主权意识不强、消费心理机能以及旅游企业的短视经营造成的.本文分析了游客消费者惰性产生的原因及其危害,然后提出必须切实加强法制监管、行业监管、舆论监管和企业内部监管,维护游客的合法权益,有效克服游客消费者惰性,营造"和谐"的旅游市场环境.     

当前我国“假日旅游”存在的问题与对策

自从国务院出台新的《全国年节和纪念日放假办法》后，一年中的三个长假正不知不觉地改变人们的生活、消费方式。这种改变，给旅游业、酒店业、餐饮业、交通运输业、商场等带来了无限的商机。不经意间，“假日经济”已经悄然地来到了我们身边。但是，在“假日经济”蓬勃发展的同时，我们发现其中还存在不少问题，而这些问题能否顺利解决，关系到我国旅游行业的持续发展，因此需要我们认真加以对待。     

我国旅游业发展新路径探析

我国旅游业发展存在旅游业盈利过度依赖门票收入、娱乐观赏性服务有待完善、参团购物管理不规范、餐饮住宿消费中"宰客"现象普遍等问题,应通过打造全方位旅游业盈利模式、推进旅游业与其他产业融合、建立健全旅游产业化经营模式、完善旅游产品及提高旅游业管理水平等措施,实现旅游业的可持续发展。     

The export-productivity relationship: A time series representation for Austria

Zusammenfassung Der in vielen westlichen Industriel?ndern zu beobachtende positive Zusammenhang zwischen Produktivit?ts- und Exportwachstum führte zu zwei einander entgegengesetzten kausalen Hypothesen. Die erste, von Vertretern des “Export-led-growth”-Modells vorgebrachte Hypothese geht davon aus, da? das Produktivit?tswachstum im wesentlichen über das Exportwachstum bestimmt wird. Dagegen sieht die zweite, auf dem Ricardo-Modell und den Theorien des intra-industriellen Handels beruhende Hypothese das Wachstum der Exporte von der Produktivit?t bestimmt. Die Richtung in der Kausalit?t zwischen Exporten und Produktivit?t hat entsprechende Konsequenzen für die Einsch?tzung von Instrumenten der Industriepolitik. W?hrend das “Export-led-growth”-Modell und jüngere Au?enhandelstheorien Wechselkursabwertungen bzw. Exportsubventionen zur Ankurbelung der Exporte und damit der Produktivit?t nahelegen, ziehen die Theorien des intra-industriellen Handels eine Subvention von Forschung und Entwicklung und/oder des Outputs als wirkungsvollere Ma?nahmen zur Beschleunigung der Produktivit?t vor. Der Aufsatz untersucht anhand ?sterreichischen Datenmaterials, welche der beiden Kausalhypothesen mit der beobachteten Entwicklung der Exporte, der Produktivit?t und der Terms of Trade kompatibel ist. Dabei bedient sich die Arbeit des Wiener-Granger-Konzepts als statistischer Test auf Kausalit?t. Zudem werden Simulationen durchgeführt, um die dynamischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Zeitreihen zu bestimmen.      

Cost-effectiveness analysis of exenatide once-weekly versus dulaglutide,liraglutide, and lixisenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis from the UK NHS perspective

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of exenatide 2?mg once-weekly (EQW) compared to dulaglutide 1.5?mg QW, liraglutide 1.2?mg and 1.8?mg once-daily (QD), and lixisenatide 20?μg QD for the treatment of adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) not adequately controlled on metformin.

Methods: The Cardiff Diabetes Model was applied to evaluate cost-effectiveness, with treatment effects sourced from a network meta-analysis. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated with health-state utilities applied to T2DM-related complications, weight changes, hypoglycemia, and nausea. Costs (GBP £) included drug treatment, T2DM-related complications, severe hypoglycemia, nausea, and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events. A 40-year time horizon was used.

Results: In all base-case comparisons, EQW was associated with a QALY gain per patient; 0.046 vs dulaglutide 1.5?mg; 0.102 vs liraglutide 1.2?mg; 0.043 vs liraglutide 1.8?mg; and 0.074 vs lixisenatide 20?μg. Cost per patient was lower for EQW than for liraglutide 1.8?mg (?£2,085); therefore, EQW dominated liraglutide 1.8?mg. The cost difference per patient between EQW and dulaglutide 1.5?mg, EQW and liraglutide 1.2?mg, and EQW and lixisenatide 20?μg was £27, £103, and £738, respectively. Cost per QALY gained with EQW vs dulaglutide 1.5?mg, EQW vs liraglutide 1.2?mg, and EQW vs lixisenatide 20?μg was £596, £1,004, and £10,002, respectively. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the probability that EQW is cost-effective ranged from 76–99%.

Conclusion: Results suggest that exenatide 2?mg once-weekly is cost-effective over a lifetime horizon compared to dulaglutide 1.5?mg QW, liraglutide 1.2?mg QD, liraglutide 1.8?mg QD, and lixisenatide 20?μg QD for the treatment of T2DM in adults not adequately controlled on metformin alone.     

德国出境旅游市场比较优势与市场拓展对策--兼论旅华市场开发

将德国与美国、英国、加拿大、法国、意大利和日本等六国进行比较，从闲暇时间、经济基础、出境旅游人数、旅游消费支出、居民出游率、国际旅游者产生率和政策导向等七个方面分析了德国出境旅游市场的比较优势；根据德国出境市场六大新发展趋势，以及德国旅华市场现状，阐述了进一步拓展德国旅华市场的战略。     

Evaluating the short-term cost-effectiveness of liraglutide versus lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States

Aims: Bringing patients with type 2 diabetes to recommended glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) treatment targets can reduce the risk of developing diabetes-related complications. The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the short-term cost-effectiveness of once-daily liraglutide 1.8?mg vs once-daily lixisenatide 20?μg as an add-on to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes in the US by assessing the cost per patient achieving HbA1c-focused and composite treatment targets.

Materials and methods: Percentages of patients achieving recommended targets were obtained from the LIRA-LIXI trial, which compared the efficacy and safety of once-daily liraglutide 1.8?mg and once-daily lixisenatide 20?μg as an add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes failing to achieve glycemic control with metformin. Annual costs were estimated from a healthcare payer perspective. An economic model was developed to evaluate the annual cost per patient achieving target (cost of control) with liraglutide 1.8?mg vs lixisenatide 20?μg for five end-points.

Results: Annual treatment costs were higher with liraglutide 1.8?mg than lixisenatide 20?μg, but this was offset by greater clinical efficacy, and the cost of control was lower with liraglutide 1.8?mg than lixisenatide 20?μg for all five end-points. The annual cost of control was USD 3,850, USD 11,404, USD 3,807, USD 4,299, and USD 6,901 lower for liraglutide 1.8?mg than lixisenatide 20?μg for targets of HbA1c?Conclusions: Once-daily liraglutide 1.8?mg was associated with greater clinical efficacy than once-daily lixisenatide 20?μg, which resulted in a lower annual cost of control for HbA1c-focused and composite treatment targets.     

区域水系影响下的明代宁夏镇城园林 特征与风格研究

宁夏镇城(明代银川市旧称)位于古老的引黄灌区宁夏平原的中部,渠湖串联的区域水系为造园带来便利。聚焦于此,通过史料考证和位置复原,再现了镇城主要园林的空间分布,并系统研究其造园特征与园林风格。研究表明,宁夏镇城园林具有湖渠立园、环水塑景、水系多样与意境悠远的特征;园林风格集地域风景、贵族、文人和生产特质于一体,这与历史环境有关。填补了明代西北园林史研究的空白,挖掘了银川地区古典园林的文化内涵。     

The welfare costs of corruption

Corruption has been shown to affect a variety of economic indicators, especially GDP per capita. However, as GDP is not a genuine indicator of welfare, it may reflect the welfare costs of corruption only in an incomplete way. This article uses self-rated subjective well-being as an empirical approximation to general welfare and shows that cross-national welfare?–?operationalized in this way?–?is affected by corruption not only indirectly through GDP, but also directly through nonmaterial factors. This article estimates the size of these effects as well as their monetary equivalent. The direct effect?–?not previously investigated in the corruption literature?–?is found to be substantially larger than the indirect effect.     

Issues in the Hidden Economy—A Survey*

This paper discusses a number of questions concerning the so-called hidden economy. What is the hidden economy? How big is it? Is it really growing? Does it matter? What should we do about it? The paper is not an exhaustive survey of the literature on the hidden economy. Its objective is more modest - namely to present an overview of the state of research, identify the major themes and issues and provide a framework for further work.     

新自由主义与美国金融危机

进入20世纪70年代以来,在经济全球化成为世界经济发展主流的同时,新自由主义在执思想界之牛耳,不仅在学界登堂入室,成为支配性学说,而且在政治、经济领域具有压倒性的地位。新自由主义与经济全球化相互影响和相互推动。这种变化不仅极大地改变了世界经济发展的格局,也改变了各国市场经济的运作方式和调控方式。以美国为首的西方国家在全世界强力践行新自由主义的结果不仅给发展中国家带来了巨大的灾难,也将世界带入了金融危机的深渊。     

Comparing the effectiveness of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in preventing cardiovascular outcomes: estimates using the Archimedes model

Abstract

Objective:

This study used simulation to compare the effectiveness of rosuvastatin 20?mg vs atorvastatin 40?mg, and rosuvastatin 40?mg vs atorvastatin 80?mg in preventing MACE in a range of patient populations with varying baseline cardiovascular risk.

Research design and methods:

The Archimedes Model was used to simulate head-to-head clinical trials in nine patient populations: Framingham Risk Score (FRS)?≥?5%, 5–10%, 10–20%,?>?20%, EURO-SCORE?≥?5% and >10%, diagnosed diabetes, secondary prevention (history of myocardial infarction or stroke, CVD), and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Simulated patients, aged 45–70 at trial start, were based on the NHANES 1999–2006. Treatments were modeled using results from the STELLAR, JUPITER, CARDS, ASCOT-LLA, and TNT trials. Treatment models were confirmed using trial validations.

Results:

Comparing rosuvastatin 20?mg vs atorvastatin 40?mg, the 5-year numbers needed to treat to prevent one MACE event (NNT) were 525, 70, and 55 for the FRS?≥?5%, CVD, and ACS groups, respectively. Comparing rosuvastatin 40?mg vs atorvastatin 80?mg the corresponding NNT values were 468, 63, and 51. The 20-year relative risks of MACE in the FRS?≥?5% population were 0.907 (0.901–0.913) for rosuvastatin 20?mg vs atorvastatin 40?mg and 0.892 (0.884–0.901) for rosuvastatin 40?mg vs atorvastatin 80?mg. The relative risks were similar for the remaining populations.

Conclusions:

This study found that rosuvastatin 20?mg and 40?mg lowers the risk of MACE more than atorvastatin 40?mg and atorvastatin 80?mg. While simulation models cannot replace real-world clinical trials, this study bridges gaps in the evidence, and identifies high risk cohorts that would likely see additional benefit from treatment with rosuvastatin rather than atorvastatin.