PPP模式下保障性住房建设公私部门风险认识差异度研究

将PPP模式引入保障性住房领域一定程度上能够起到缓解财政资金压力的作用，但风险分担问题抑制了私营机构参与项目的积极性，不利于公共部门和私营机构合作的稳定性。风险分担问题产生的原因之一是双方对风险的认识存在差异，因此探究双方对风险认识的差异性有助于提高双方在风险谈判时的效率，形成双方认可、具有可执行性的风险分担结果。在现有研究基础上设计PPP模式下保障性住房风险清单，探究分析公共部门和私营机构风险认识差异度及原因。采用问卷调查法，运用Ｔ检验法进行数据处理。结果显示。在全寿命周期中，对于风险危害程度，双方对政治风险、市场需求变化风险、市场收益不足、腐败风险认识差异度较大；对于风险发生概率，双方对市场需求变化、项目唯一性风险、政府价格限制、经营者经验不足、政府干预、政府信用、合作冲突风险、腐败风险认识差异度较大。剖析双方风险认识差异产生的原因，主要因为双方受自身角色的限制，从自身的利益出发，评价、认识风险的角度稍显片面，表明了双方的信任度亟待加强，公共部门应该扮演好监督管理者的角色，给予私营机构充分的运营管理自主权，尊重契约精神，加强制度保障。     

Nelspruit and Dolphin Coast: Lessons from the first concession contracts

South Africa's first two long‐term concession contracts for water and sanitation were signed in early 1999. These complex public‐private partnerships (PPPs) in Nelspruit and Dolphin Coast will use private sector management expertise, as well as huge amounts of private capital investment, to address service delivery challenges in both areas. Especially important will be the extension of essential services to previously disadvantaged residents of both municipalities. The processes of preparing and negotiating these deals have been long and difficult. Councillors and officials have had to overcome a series of obstacles on their way to closing the deal, including fundamental misunderstandings about how such projects work on the part of unions, the general public, other government officials and even some members of South Africa's financial services community. This article provides an account of how and why these PPP projects were developed, and offers some of the key lessons learned regarding how to improve the process in the future.     

中小企业参与PPP模式与技术创新关系的实证研究

随着市政公用基础设施建设的投入力度加大,为了解决政府资金短缺、建设和运作效率不高的问题,政府广泛采用了目前世界上较为流行的公私合作（PPP）模式进行项目运作。中小企业参与PPP模式并获得技术创新的发展是值得长期关注的研究问题。文章以参与PPP模式的中小企业为研究对象,对这些企业的企业技术创新的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明：中小企业的研发投入对于企业技术创新有积极的促进作用;企业规模、企业所在区域和企业管理者信用都会对企业技术创新产生影响。     

THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN HONG KONG: ESTABLISHMENT AND READJUSTMENT OF THE LIBERAL WELFARE MODEL

Hong Kong's social security system has followed a “liberal” welfare state regime. The system has undergone changes along with the high economic growth, changes in the labor market, and transformation of the political environment, but has retained the fundamental principle of a social security system led by the private sector. In recent years, Hong Kong has responded to the aging population and growing unemployment by introducing the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme that requires individuals to join private‐sector pension schemes and by intensifying cooperation with nongovernmental organizations. This indicates the deep‐seated nature of the influence of the liberal regime in Hong Kong.     

Lessons Learned from Public–Private Partnerships in Indonesia’s Water Sector

This paper surveys officials involved in public–private partnerships (PPPs) in the water sector in order to examine the differing motives of Indonesian actors in adopting PPPs. It also analyses the challenges of vertical coordination across different levels of government in PPP programs. We find that four motives for adopting PPPs are perceived differently by central government respondents and subnational government respondents. However, no significant differences are found between the two groups’ perceptions of the importance of vertical coordination problems. These results highlight the need for local capacity-building programs and improved coordination mechanisms to enhance PPP adoption and implementation in the water sector.     

公私合作制下城市公用事业监管体系创新研究

在城市公用事业市场化改革的背景下,公私合作制(PPP)作为一种新型的融资方式正逐步应用于公用事业的建设中。本文从政府、市场、项目三个角度重点列出PPP项目中存在的风险,提出PPP项目应将不同风险分担给最有能力使风险最小化的一方。在此基础上,详细分析了PPP模式下城市公用事业现行监管体系存在的问题,进而提出在我国经济政治体制下必须创新PPP项目的政府监管体系。     

The Interdependent Telecommunications Demand and Efficient Price Structure

Rapid growth of mobile telecommunications is a widespread phenomenon in the world. This emerging network is supposed to be closely interdependent with the wire-based network. In this paper, after reviewing the Japanese regulatory scheme for mobile telecommunications, we investigate the interdependency by estimating both price elasticities and network effects among them. The own-price elasticities are relatively high, and the substitution, as well as the network, effect is substantial. Moreover, the resulting super-elasticities of mobile telephones are consistently larger than those of fixed-line telephones. These findings indicate that the Ramsey optimal price structure may have required a lower price–cost margin of mobile networks, relative to that of fixed-line networks. It should be noted, however, that the difference in super-elasticity between the two networks seems to have substantially diminished during our sample period. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1999, 13(4), pp. 311–335. Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan and InfoCom Research Institute, Tokyo 107-0062, Japan. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D12, L43, L96.     

The deregulation of Japan's electricity industry

Japan's electricity industry is now in the process of regulatory reform. This industry consists of three sectors: generation, transmission, and distribution. The reform phases out the entry barrier in the first sector, while keeping the latter two as they were with a rate-of-return (ROR) regulation. To simulate this regulatory reform, we employ a computable general equilibrium model, which distinguishes these three sectors and is equipped with the ROR regulation and substitution among various energy sources. Our numerical simulations show a potential for significant welfare improvements and substitution among energy inputs even if the reform scope is limited.     

The Assessment: Financing and Managing Public Services

Public services can be, and are, delivered according to a varietyof different arrangements. The public sector can finance andprovide a service itself, or contract with the private sectorto participate in provision, or its role may be limited to regulatinga private provider. In this paper we examine the features determiningthe effectiveness of public-service delivery, including incentivesfor employees and teams within organizations providing publicservices, the structure of the organization and the competitiveframework that it faces, and the role of the private sector.We assess the reform programme in the UK, which has involvedsubstantial reorganization of public services and increasinginvolvement of the private sector. Reforms focus on the improvementof incentives; but while incentives are critical, the specialcharacteristics of public services (and the people who providethem) must be recognized in the implementation of new structuresand incentive schemes.     

商业银行参与PPP项目的风险分担研究——基于三方静态博弈模型

在我国地方债问题日趋严重的背景下,PPP模式是未来我国基础设施建设的发展方向,而商业银行作为资金融通最重要的中介,势必在PPP项目中发挥较大的作用。首先概述了PPP的内涵和参与PP项目的三方主体,其次对PPP项目中的各类风险进行了分类,然后利用三方静态博弈模型讨论了政府、私营企业和银行的风险分担模式,得出应由风险偏好系数大的一方承担风险的结论,最后对商业银行在参与PPP项目中的风险分担的策略提出建议。     

Measurement of the intensity of the reforms in professions and economic activities in Greece via a composite regulation index

The institutional framework regulating professions/ economic activities of the service sector in Greece has been recently liberalised extensively, to promote competition, conform to European Community regulations and fulfil commitments under the Memoranda of Economic and Financial Policies. This paper aims to capture quantitatively this major structural reform, by measuring for the first time the degree of regulation in 90 professions/ activities affected by the relevant reform laws. The degree of regulation is measured both for the regime before and for that after the laws, and the methodology employed is that of composite regulation indices. The index values obtained are used for evaluating the extent of the reforms and estimating correlations and regressions. The results of the analysis point to the existence of significant barriers to competition before the reforms and extensive liberalisation of the regulatory framework after the adoption of the relevant laws. Moreover, the results suggest that professions/activities characterised by more stringent restrictions before the reforms tend to be characterised by a comparatively higher intensity of regulations after the reforms.     

公共项目PPP模式选择路径研究——基于交易合作三维框架

公私伙伴关系(PPP)模式在中国的公共项目中正在得到日益广泛的应用。由于对PPP模式分类不清晰,并且缺乏对各种具体模式运作特征的深入了解,政府仅将诸如BOT、BT、TOT等少数模式简单套用到众多的公共项目中,如此就会出现PPP模式制度安排特征与公共项目属性不相匹配的问题。文章在文献调查的基础上,构建出PPP模式的二十二个小类、九个中类和四个大类的三级分类结构,提出政府在该分类结构中选择PPP模式时遵循从上至下的决策思路。针对九个中类的PPP模式,在所有权转移效益、经营权控制程度、公私合作程度构成的三维框架内,识别出公共项目PPP模式选择的三条路径,结合公共项目属性给出每条选择路径的适用条件。     

双循环格局下的竞争中性与国企改革——来自国有资本差异化功能的证据

本文在一般均衡框架下构建理论模型,从微观视角考察国有资本功能在国有、民营两部门中的差异,讨论"双循环"战略下如何有效配置国有资本,推动竞争中性框架的建立.研究表明:国有资本在理论上具有正向的经济效率并促进企业积极承担社会责任,但经验证据显示其经济效率偏低,且在国有和民营部门有较大差异.在国有部门中,国有资本的经济效率显...     

Financial intermediation,regulation and the formal microcredit sector in South Africa

This article evaluates demand- and supply-side aspects of the formal microcredit sector in South Africa and the environment in which the sector is regulated. Although South Africa has a competitive financial sector relative to a sample of upper middle-income countries, the historical bias towards formal sector banking resulted in a lack of appropriate credit instruments for poorer people. In 1992, new regulations facilitated the legalisation of microfinance institutions and, by 2000, the sector had grown to over 2 per cent of total credit extended by the monetary sector, with over 1 300 institutions supplying microcredit to the public. The article presents the first statistics of different types of microcredit institutions as well as some of their disbursement trends, recorded since 1999 by the Micro Finance Regulatory Council. Thereafter, the demand for credit is assessed between 1995 and 2000, before best-practice regulation and South Africa's degree of compliance are discussed.     

外资银行进入对东道国银行业效率的影响——东欧国家的经验与中国的实践

东欧国家银行改革的经验表明,外资银行进入能普遍提高东道国银行业的效率。但是,外资银行发挥积极作用亦取决于一定条件:东道国经济发展水平、银行业规模及发育程度、监管水平、银行业的改革路径和引资方式。本文在综述东欧国家银行业改革经验的基础上,提出中国银行业改革的7个命题,并用中国24家银行1999～2006年间的数据构建模型进行检验,最后得出结论:短期内外资银行进入会导致东道国银行业利润水平下降、风险管理水平上升,在中国的背景下可以认定这是外资银行积极作用的发挥;外资银行机构数量的增加和持股比重的上升都能刺激中国银行业效率的改进,但是外资银行持股比重的影响更具普遍性;不同类型银行对外资银行进入的反应存在差异,国有商业银行反应比较迟钝,而股份制和城市商业银行反应比较迅速。     

On Privatisation and Property Rights: Should China Go Down the Road of Outright Privatisation?

Fierce debate is ongoing in China concerning the appropriate role for the private sector in the current stage of reform and enterprise restructuring. There are many economists, both within China and without, who argue that China should now increase both the scale and pace of privatisation and reduce the barriers to private sector involvement in the remaining large-sized State-Owned Enterprises as a matter of urgency. This paper argues, however, that on both theoretical and empirical grounds, wholesale privatisation in China should not be adopted, that ‘fuzzy’ property rights have served China well in the last twenty years of reform and that the appropriate boundary between the public and private sectors should be drawn pragmatically and on a case-by-case basis.     

Promoting Private Entrepreneurship for Deepening Market Reform in China: A Resource Allocation Perspective

After more than three decades of rapid growth, China's economy is going through an important turning point, where structural imbalances in both supply and demand sides must be addressed for a more moderate and sustainable growth path. By focusing on the structural changes to its ownership, a central element in China's economic transformation under market reform, the present paper highlights the importance of private entrepreneurship in deepening market reform and, thereby, in driving economic growth in a more efficient and sustainable way. Based on a perspective of resource allocation and a conceptual framework of entrepreneurship, the paper elaborates on the evolution of the private sector and its performance in the context of ownership reform, making comparisons with the performance of the state sector. The analysis suggests that there is further room for more productive use of economic resources, especially capital, land and natural resources, by increasing the participation of private entrepreneurs in industries with high entry barriers in favor of state‐owned enterprises. Moreover, more competitive and equal access to productive resources through reform is needed to promote more productive entrepreneurship and to reduce rent‐seeking activities.     

Local politics and the local authority labour market

The 1979 election heralded a new approach to public sector finance and employment. For local government, this has involved a new regulatory framework, which attempts to reproduce private sector financial and labour market structures. This article examines the effect of this new regulatory framework on the labour markets of three case study local authorities and the manner in which those effects have been mediated by local politics over the period 1979-1984     

South Africa's financial sector ten years on: performance since democracy

The South African financial sector, defined as the banking, insurance and securities industries, has contributed to the growth of the economy since democracy in terms of growth in assets and value added, although its provision of financial services to the poor has been less impressive. The article takes a broad approach to evaluating the performance of the sector in terms of the balance between stability and innovation, and the balance between efficiency and allocation of resources. While the financial system has proved to be stable, innovation has generally been for the high‐value, contested market. In terms of cost efficiencies and provision of services to small businesses and poorer consumers, there is room for improvement. The performance of the sector is linked to the regulatory regime, and the extent to which the sector will be able to improve its allocative performance will be influenced by mooted regulatory changes.     

关于分配与所有制关系若干问题的思考

共同富裕,消除两极分化是社会主义改革区别于资本主义改革的试金石,也是邓小平的社会主义改革理论中的一个根本问题。正确评估中国贫富差距扩大的形势,促进分配关系的调整和社会公平是经济研究者的职责所在。贫富差距扩大最根本原因在所有制结构的变化,即所有制结构的"公降私升"已经达到影响公有制为主体的临界点,造成这种状况是干扰"公有制经济为主体"的"私有化"倾向。本文认为毫不动摇地发展包括私有经济在内的非公有经济,要以坚持公有制经济为主体、国有经济为主导作为前提,即实行两个毫不动摇,齐头并进,才能保证我国社会主义基本经济制度的巩固发展,永远立于不败之地。