我国增值税由生产型转为消费型的几点建议

我国税制改革自推行生产型增值税以来,从存在的问题看,增值税须要转型.实行生产型增值税的问题是:不符合国际惯例,这种形式的税抑制企业投资,不利于我国产品参与国际竞争,对价格形成了扭曲等.由生产型增值税转换为消费型增值税,需要稳步渐进地实施;对固定资产存量应采取"存量不扣,增量慢慢扣"的原则;加强专用发票的管理,减少偷税;实行消费型增值税,将转让无形资产纳入征税范围,促进高新技术的发展.     

扭曲的增值税制及其矫正

与国际通行的增值税制相比,我国增值税制存在着与营业税分立、非全面性、半消费型、税率繁杂、有限出口退税、重复征税等扭曲性,矫正之策是,制定《增值税法》,全面推行营业税改征增值税,全面建立完全消费型增值税,并实行增值税的统一征管。     

增值税、销项税额和进项税额税务检查中的问题剖析

作为我国税制结构中最重要的税种之一的增值税,由于受到各种因素的制约,存在着许多不完善之处。因此,客观上要求加强增值税的检查,严格监督纳税人是否建立了完整核算体系,是否执行发票制度,以确保增值税的准备贯彻与执行。增值税检查的内容较多,本文仅就一般纳税人的销项税额和进项税额税务检查中的问题作一探讨。     

城乡税制统一中关于增值税和所得税的建议

农村税费改革极大地减轻了农民负担。下一步农村税费改革的具体措施存在很大的争议。基于对农村种养业的调查,在比较不同种养业的产业化、收益水平和投资来源后,笔者建议对粮食等基本生活资料的生产应实行免税政策,对高收益的特种种养大户先行征收增值税和所得税,以期逐步建立完全统一的城乡税制。     

论增值税存在的问题及对策

<正>增值税是以增值额为征税对象而征收的一种税。1994年税制改革,对货物普遍征一道增值税;对价大利大的11类商品,交叉征收一道消费税,对服务业征收营业税。改革后的增值税与前比较最大变     

增值税税案防范与税制设计的思考——兼论增值税征税范围、小规模纳税人管理的国际比较与借鉴

从1994年确立新的税收征管模式以来,经过10年3个阶段的发展,我国税务机构已经形成了基本稽查体系和效能型的新的稽查机制,而且每年都查处曝光一大批的大案要案,既表明了税务部门大力打击涉税违法案件的决心,也体现了税务稽查工作者查处案件的能力。但让人困惑的是,在如此严而有     

试论增值税小规模纳税人政策的完善

我国现行增值税小规模纳税人的征收方法、政策和有关制度经过不断地调整和多年的实际运作,在组织收入、加强征管和保证新税制的顺利实施等方面,发挥了重要作用。但随着时间的推移,其税制设计的问题也日益显露,矛盾比较突出,已成为一个急待解决的问题。本文从增值税制建立的原则出发,着重分析了当前增值税小规模纳税人政策存在的问题,并借鉴国外增值税征收政策,提出了对策及建议。     

浅析增值税转型改革及其对企业的影响

2009年1月1日起,在全国所有地区、所有行业推行增值税转型改革,因此本文在对增值税类型及改革实践进行回顾的基础上,对我国增值税转型背景进行了分析,并指出增值税转型的全面实施对不同类型企业的影响。     

“营改增”对零售企业税负的影响——以X零售企业为例

当前我国经济快速增长,科技不断进步,商品流通进程在加速,零售企业也越来越活跃。与此同时,企业之间的竞争在加剧,又伴随着税收等政策因素的影响,零售企业的盈利空间逐步收窄。自国家推行营业税改增值税以来,如何避免"营改增"对我国零售行业发展产生不利影响,更好地促使零售行业快速发展一直是值得思考的热点。文章首先用实际税负率分析了"营改增"能够减轻零售行业整体的税负水平,但企业个体之间可能存在较大差异。然后,文章选取X零售企业作为代表案例,具体分析"营改增"的实施对该企业税负水平的实际影响。结果显示,"营改增"实施后,X零售企业的税负一定程度上在加重。最后,文章为零售企业提供了一些纳税筹划建议。     

深圳市旅游业及其相关行业收入与税收收入的比较分析

自从2000年国家实行"五一"、"十一"放长假制度以来,我国便出现了旅游业的"春节"、"五一"、"十一"黄金周,在黄金周期间,旅游及其相关行业的经营收入一般呈现较大幅度的增长.深圳市旅游局从2000年十一黄金周开始,均对社会公布深圳市旅游及其相关行业的经营收入情况;从2001年开始,深圳市旅游局每年编制<深圳市旅游业经济运行情况年度报告>,详细统计和分析了深圳市旅游及其相关行业的经营收入和旅游经济运行情况.     

Black-white housing price differentials: Recent trends and implications

Black-white housing price differentials consistent with racially discriminatory practices are rarely found by the studies that have used post-1970 data. Instead, those studies report price differentials consistent with the theory that whites buy segregation by bidding up the price of housing in certain neighborhoods. Unfortunately, the specifications used in most of these studies have been flawed. Here, a properly specified model is estimated using Annual Housing Survey data, augmented with objective measures of neighborhood conditions, from Grand Rapids, Michigan. The price differentials found support the trend found by the improperly specified models. Specifically, various owner bundles cost up to 16 percent more and various renter bundles cost up to 20 percent more in the predominantly white than in the predominantly black submarket. To the extent that residential integration remains one of society’s goals, this trend calls for innovative policies that go beyond enforcement of existing Fair Housing laws.     

现行废旧物资税收政策的弊端及解决对策

大力推进废旧物资的回收利用，是实现循环经济的关键环节；国家现行废旧物资税收政策在积极促进该行业发展的同时，也存在着一些不客忽视的问题。从现行废旧物资税收政策实施过程中引发的矛盾入手，论述了现行税收政策改革的必要性，并提出了初步的解决对幕。     

On the vulnerability of the oil and gas industry to oil price changes

Previous studies of oil-price economic activity relationships are dominated by macro-level examination of price effects. This study examines the effect of shocks in oil price and its volatility on the oil and gas extraction industry using a Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) approach. The results show that, in the short-run, positive price and volatility shocks lead to significant increases in oil and gas activities. However, in the long-run, the industry behaves much like the rest of the U.S. economy—price and volatility shocks produce small or insignificant effects. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 22 ^nd Annual North American Conference of the U.S.A. Energy Economics/International Association of Energy Economics Conference, Vancouver, British Columbia. The authors acknowledge the editorial assistance of Versa Stickle.     

The poverty implications of alternative tax reforms: Results from a numerical application to Pakistan

This paper presents results from four simulations of the impact of potential tax reforms in Pakistan on poverty, shared prosperity, and inequality. The simulations are carried out in the context of a dynamic computational general equilibrium (CGE) model that incorporates endogenous tax evasion. The simulations link the CGE model to household survey data that is incorporated in a micro simulation model. The combined models suggest that equal yield increases in sales and corporate tax rates differ mildly in their impacts on consumption and poverty. Endogenously modeled tax evasion plays an important role in the results.     

Domestic value added and employment generated by Chinese exports: A quantitative estimation

We develop an input–output methodology to estimate how Chinese exports affected the country's total domestic value added (DVA) and employment in the years 2002 and 2007. For every US$1000 dollar of Chinese exports in 2007 (2002), DVA and employment are estimated to be US$591 (US$466) and 0.096 (0.242) person-year, respectively. To implement these estimations, we use hitherto unpublished Chinese government data to construct several completely new datasets, including an input–output table with separate input–output and employment-output coefficients for processing exports, non-processing exports, and output for domestic use. We hypothesize that, in comparison with the export sector, China's domestic sector would be relatively autarkic due to China's history of central planning. We expect that exports would generate less DVA and employment than output for domestic use. Processing exports, which are highly dependent on imported inputs, would similarly generate less DVA and employment than non-processing exports. Our findings support these expectations. For both 2002 and 2007, the DVA and employment effects of domestic final demand were higher than those of non-processing exports, which were in turn higher than those of processing exports. However, with the progress of economic reforms, we found that the total DVAs of exports and domestic final demand have converged from 2002 to 2007.     

On the sources and macroeconomic implications of nonuniform and uncertain price expectations

Conclusions There is still much work to be done on the issues of nonuniform and uncertain price expectations. In the present paper we have attempted to give an overview of the reasons for, and possible consequences of, the existence of these phenomena. Now there seem to be reasons for deepening particularly the empirical knowledge on the formation of expectations, and for attempts to connect existing theoretical and empirical knowledge more closely with each other.     

A theoretical model of the relationship between value added elements and end product

This paper focuses on the development of a theoretical scheme describing the transformation of primary incomes into end consumption and savings in the Russian economy. This scheme is basically a system of interrelated tables reflecting the distribution of primary incomes across the institutional sectors and their further reallocation and use. The scheme makes allowances for the specific features of the Russian economy and existing statistics. In terms of methodology, it is coordinated with the interindustry balance in current buyer prices and, from the theoretical standpoint, describes the connection between Quadrant II and Quadrant III of the balance. Therefore, the proposed system of tables is treated in the paper as Quadrant IV of the interindustry balance. The theoretical scheme is used by the authors as a necessary basis for constructing an empirical model of the relationship between value added and end product, which will be published in the next issue of this journal.     

Sales tax exemptions and credits: Time to reevaluate

The state sales tax is an inherently regressive source of revenue. This has given rise to attempts to counter the regressivity through adjustments to the basic sales tax structure through credits and exemptions. Two new alternatives appear to have both theoretical and practical advantages over simple credits and exemptions: the use of a debit card for delivering sales tax credits and a negative credit related to potential tax liability. They have the theoretical advantages of both the credit and the exemption while not having the administrative difficulties of the credit or the revenue loss of the exemption. Empirical analysis using the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the Maryland tax code indicates that the state can reduce regressivity and raise substantial revenue using either alternative. The proposed gains can be made with enhanced revenue stability, little administrative cost, and little impact on horizontal equity or efficiency.     

The impact of corporate governance to the economic value added listed company in BEI 2003-2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Corporate Governance （CG） to the performance of the firm measured by Economic Value Added （EVA）. This research uses 64 samples for the year 2003-2004. The CG index is taken from the research of Siagian, Siregar and Rahadian （2006） and the EVA taken from ＂A hundred value creators companies＂ published by SWA Magazines in 2004-2005.
By grouping samples based on its mean, this research finds that samples in high CG index group have higher EVA than samples in low CG index group. The mean equality test shows the significant relation for this evidence.
Using simple and multiple regression method, CG index has positive and significant effect on EVA. This research uses sales growth, leverage, size, and age of the firm as control variables in multiple regression method. Consistent with research hypothesis, all control variables have positive and significant effect on EVA.
This research also investigate the effect of each component of CG index to EVA. ＂Equitable treatment of shareholders＂ and ＂disclosure and transparency＂ have positive and significant effect on EVA, but ＂right of shareholders＂, ＂role of stakeholders＂, and ＂responsibility of the board＂ do not have significant effect to EVA.
The sensitivity analysis is also done to investigate the effect of CG index to the performance of the firm if ROA and ROE were used as proxy of performance. The result shows that CG index has positive and significant effect to those various performance mesurement. Based on its coefficient, CG index is superior in affecting ROE more than EVA and ROA.