At the Nexus of Human Rights and Development: New Methods and Strategies of Global NGOs

The growing interaction of development and human rights, especially in the work of nongovernment organizations (NGOs), has important implications for NGOs, donor agencies and governments. Three trends––a rights-based approach to development, joint advocacy by human rights and development NGOs, and expanded attention to economic and social rights human rights groups––are the substance of the growing interaction. Human rights offer internationally recognized standards as benchmarks and bases for accountability of NGOs, governments, and corporations; a new source of influence for NGOs’ advocacy; and the first fundamental challenge to a market-dominated view of development that has prevailed since the 1980s. NGOs’ efforts to link human rights and development are examined to reveal both potential and limitations.     

人权与法制的关系及其发展的历史考察

人权法制化往往是先形成政治原则宣示和宪法中的人权原则,再逐步构建人权法律体系。从世界范围来说,先有国内人权立法,再发展到国际人权立法,反过来又推进国内人权法制。人权与法制不可分割。人权是法制的核心内容和根本价值,法制是人权的体现和保障。努力实现和健全人权法制,才能更好地保障和落实人权,全面发展人权事业。     

Global Public Finance and Funding the Millennium Development Goals

Summary The members of the United Nations have agreed to the Millennium Development Goals, but there remains a major challenge of funding these ambitions. This paper examines alternative sources of development funding: global taxes, new Special Drawing Rights, the International Finance Facility, a global lottery, and increased private transfers. The paper suggests that “global public finance” can contribute to the public debate about these alternatives. It indicates how progress can be made without unanimity, that subsidiarity can increase national acceptance, and draws attention to the implications of the changing world distribution of income.Based on the Fourth Jelle Zijlstra Lecture given at the Free University, Amsterdam, on 12 December 2005. I am most grateful to Antony Burgmans, the discussant, and other members of the audience, for their comments.     

社会经济发展目的与目标的人本审视

＂以人为本＂的发展目的由生存需要、享乐需要、发展需要及和谐需要构成。就我国现阶段而言,必须普遍满足生存需要,合理限制享乐需要,适当满足发展需要和通过转变经济发展方式满足和谐需要。但是,在现实中,我国贫困群体的生存需要尚未得到满足,享乐供给分配极端不公平,严重的两极分化发展导致发展需要难以实现,和谐需要还相当欠缺。文章认为,＂以人为本＂的发展目标应当从满足四大需要的价值规范入手,即应把生存需要的满足置于优先地位,发挥社会舆论和政府的作用合理限制以物质方面为重点的享乐需要,增加发展需要的供给并增强其公平性,大力发展文化产业和旅游产业并提高其质量,治标与治本并重满足和谐需要。     

The Millennium Development Goals, How Realistic Are They?

Summary In its Millennium Declaration of September 2000, the United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), to be reached in 2015 through concerted efforts worldwide. According to UN-calculations, the estimated costs in terms of additional development aid of meeting the MDGs in all countries vary from 121 billion US dollars in 2006 to 189 billion US dollars in 2015. The present communication reviews the figures reported. It appears that while Asia is well on track to achieve the goals, essentially through efforts of its own, Africa is lagging behind, albeit that according to detailed survey data on weight-for-length among adults collected in Africa for the US aid agency, rates of undernutrition are about 58 percent of the levels used as a reference by the UN, which are based on assessment of food production. Yet, child undernutrition comes out higher in these surveys. Besides mentioning reservations about the adequacy of these MDG-yardsticks, we consider the cost estimates for Africa as presented in the UN-reports and subsequently assessed in the literature. It appears that these estimates are too low, even if all MDG-funds were concentrated on this continent, essentially because they are set up as shopping lists that are necessarily incomplete and, among others, disregard many of the indirect cost of delivering the goods to the target beneficiaries, including the cost of providing adequate security and avoiding corruption. Nonetheless, recalling how hopeless the situation looked some 30 years ago for China, India, and Bangladesh, where unprecedented numbers have now escaped extreme poverty during the past decade and a half, we submit that over a time horizon of about twice the 15 years of the MDG’s and with adequate international support, realization of the MDG-targets should be possible for Africa too. An erratum to this article can be found at     

人、人的发展与经济学

人的最高属性是人的精神性。人是自然、社会和精神的统一。从人的精神性出发,才能区别人与动物,才能揭示人的整体本质,才能理解人的自我超越和自由创造的本性,才能真正触及人的发展问题的深刻性、复杂性、系统性与特殊性．．经济学不是一门人学,经济学是关于人类行为的一门科学,经济学几乎对人类行为的所有领域都有所研究。下一阶段,经济学的研究可以转向人自身,经济学可以对人自身的发展进行科学分析,一门叫做“人的发展经济学”的经济学是可以成立的。     

新疆城镇化发展目标的可行性分析

新疆城镇化正进入快速发展阶段,制定合理的发展目标是城镇化健康发展的保障。文章根据城镇化发展的规律以及历年人口增长的现实情况,并在《新疆维吾尔自治区城镇体系规划（2004-2020年）》的指导下,预测了2010、2020及2050年的新疆城镇化率和农村人口转移规模,并首次对此目标的可行性进行了论证,结果表明新疆城镇化目标的实现是完全可行的。     

人力资本控制权与剩余索取权：归属与配置

人力资本,特别是专业化的人力资本分享企业剩余和企业控制权,既有其必然合理性,又有其现实可能性。只不过,人力资本参与分享的“企业剩余”,能且只能是企业的价值创造部分。谈判能力较强的人力资本群体拥有相对较强的剩余索取权与剩余控制权。给予企业家企业所有权,使企业家的剩余控制权和剩余索取权达到有机的统一,有利于调动其工作积极性和主动性,使企业价值趋向最大化。     

人的全面发展与社会发展

马克思认为,人的全面发展内在地体现在生产力的发展、生产关系的发展以及交往关系的发展中。因此,人的全面发展既是一种理想境界,又是一种发展现实。人的全面发展与社会发展是一个辩证统一的过程,社会是人的本质对象化的产物,社会发展最终又体现在人的全面发展上。社会的发展对人的全面发展有很大的推动作用。     

人的发展经济学的理论与实践

人的发展是一种自然史过程,不是由先知先觉人士根据人性要求提出理想目标由大众去实现的过程。人的解放是历史过程,不是思想过程。人的发展是从低级经过一系列中间阶段逐步向高级阶段的发展阶段,不是人的本质的异化到复归的过程。在具体实践方面,重点应放在深入研究经济的实际发展进程,研究现实的人的实际的历史进程,从中揭示个人全面而自由发展的实际历史条件和现实的发展过程。用关于发展规律的知识武装现实活动着的人的头脑,了解人的发展趋势,自觉地为实现每一个个人的全面而自由的发展而奋斗。     

儒家意识与企业家人力资本的投资效率：以客商为例

不同类型的儒家意识对企业家人力资本投资的适应性影响不同。实证研究发现,背景取向型儒家意识可以通过增加同层次的企业家交易频率,来获得交易规模效率。而个人型儒家意识通过分工合作获得交易的合作剩余。为实现企业与社会的双赢,企业家需要针对儒家意识特性,选择合适的儒家意识进行投资。     

坚持依法行政加强人权保障和救济

在当代中国社会政治经济发展中,保证政府权力在法律范围内行政,以保障公民之正当权益,加强人权保障和救济,具有重要意义。鉴于当前行政执法在人权保障问题方面还存在不少问题,行政法制建设应当把保障和促进公民权利作为核心内容。一是要加强行政法制建设,提高人权保障法制化水平;二是要严格依法行政,提高人权保障意识;三是重视侵权责任追究,落实侵权法律救济。     

浅谈人的发展经济学的社会基础与研究的基本方向

人的发展经济学必须有其坚实的社会基础,把研究社会主义、发展社会主义物质文明和精神文明作为其学术方向,同时关注和研究资本主义过渡到社会主义时期经济促进人全面而自由发展的途径问题。在社会主义初级阶段实行计划经济,必须着力解决好生产资料社会化与生产力之间的矛盾;资本主义生产资料社会化程度的提高,有利于通过调整生产关系的其他方面来促进人的发展;约束资本、控制收入比例严重失调、发展机会的公平和均等、资源分配使用的合理等问题,是社会主义初级阶段实行社会主义市场经济下促进人全面而自由发展的大问题,必须着力加以解决。