完善会计拨备制度推动商业银行发展

银行拨备制度是指商业银行在经营管理活动中为冲销各种资产损失而提取准备资金的制度,它包括呆账准备金的计提、管理、使用规定以及相应的财税政策和会计处理规范。随着我国银行业全面对外开放和市场化运营程度的提高,实事求是地审视、健全银行拨备制度,不仅有利于强化风险监管、促进银行业稳健发展,     

商业银行贷款损失准备会计与监管协调

贷款损失准备会计是商业银行会计和监管中的重要问题,不同的会计处理会影响到资本充足和拨备充足监管的有效性,但是会计准则和监管标准缺乏协调使得上市银行贷款损失准备会计信息的有用性和监管有效性降低。本文研究国际监管机构和相关会计准则制定机构对银行业贷款损失准备监管政策的协调,研究我国贷款损失准备会计和监管的协调,提出完善我国贷款减值会计和监管的政策建议。     

对贷款拨备监管指标的分析研究——基于《关于中国银行业实施新监管标准的指导意见》

顺应《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》,我国监管部门推出了四大监管工具,并对贷款拨备的指标即贷款拨备率和拨备覆盖率作了具体规定。论文分析了2011年以来我国上市银行的拨备现状,重点分析了这两个监管指标对上市银行的影响,最后提出相关的政策建议。     

论我国贷款损失准备监管与会计准则协调

贷款损失准备是商业银行根据贷款损失程度计提的、用于冲抵贷款风险的准备金。本文介绍我国贷款损失准备计提监管和会计政策沿革,分析现行拨备监管政策与会计准则的差异及其影响,并借鉴国际会计准则理事会和西班牙动态拨备机制的协调经验,提出协调我国贷款损失准备监管政策与会计准则的建议。     

完善中国商业银行拨备制度

我国银行业改革使银行资本充足率和不良资产率成为公众关注的焦点,而二者之间具有紧密的联系,在会计上的反映就是银行业的拨备制度。银行不良资产率直接决定拨备金额,没有计提充足拨备的资本充足率是无法令人信服的。《完善中国商业银行拨备制度》一文对我国银行的拨备制度演变、银行拨备实际状况及存在问题进行了详细的阐述,使读者能够对我国银行业的拨备制度及现状有一个较全面的认识。     

我国商业银行贷款损失拨备提取方法及适度性研究

本次的全球金融危机,引发了对商业银行贷款损失拨备顺周期性的关注。本文提出了一种新的前瞻性拨备计提方法,并对我国银行拨备的适度性进行了研究。结果表明,我国当前的拨备监管标准存在偏高的可能,而过量的贷款损失拨备会覆盖到银行的非预期损失,这就会催生银行贷款意愿降低、会计报告失真等问题,从而增加银行体系的风险。     

商业银行会计政策的主要缺陷及相关建议

一般来说,金融机构特别是银行业金融机构的经营风险种类和风险水平远非一般工商企业可比,呆账贷款的发生概率以及由此引起的损失可能也比工商企业的应收账款坏账概率大得多。金融企业的盈利目标追求和金融系统的运行特征都要求其应该实施更为稳健的会计政策,全面、严格地贯彻会计核算审慎性原则。本文从分析我国银行机构的现行会计政策入手,分析其制度缺陷及对银行机构的影响,并提出相关政策建议。     

贷款损失拨备规则与银行顺周期行为——基于西班牙动态拨备规则的分析

不健全的拨备规则可能加剧银行的顺周期行为,危机后建立微观反周期机制的途径之一就是改革拨备规则.本文通过对西班牙动态拨备系统的经验分析表明,动态拨备规则虽不能消除商业银行的顺周期行为,但其较好地解决了拨备的充足性及其"旱涝保收"问题.提高了银行系统抵御风险的缓冲能力.随着银行业市场化改革的深入,我国应借鉴西班牙动态拨备经验,进一步完善我国的银行业拨备制度,提高国内银行的风险管理和抵御风险冲击能力.     

拨备制度变化对上市银行的影响

自国际金融危机爆发后,为应对危机、配套政府经济刺激措施,中国银行业贷款激增,仅2009年前9个月,新增贷款就达到8.7万亿元,超过了2007年和2008年的总和。虽然2010年在监管部门的调控下,银行业贷款增速有所下降,但在惯性作用下,贷款增长依然不慢。为避免未来银行贷款质量恶化,中国银监会开始筹划应对措施,其中之一就是提高银行的拨备水平。目前中国银行业在计提拨备时,依然遵循的是人民银行2002年《贷款损失准备计提指引》,按照该规定,银行提取的贷款损失准备金有三类:一般准备     

银行资产损失拨备制度改革的若干思考

中国人民银行行长周小川目前指出,建立良好的拨备制度是中国银行业改革的关键环节和核心内容。本文从拨备的依据、范围、方法、原理、频率、用途等角度,分析中外拨备制度之间存在的差距,并结合国内银行实践,初步提出若干探索和改革方向,包括引入国际准则,建立拨备系统,减值贷款逐笔实时拨备,非减值贷款定期整体评估,将拨备纳入管理体系,加大拨备税前扣除比例等。     

Competition and financial stability in European cooperative banks

Cooperative banks are a driving force for socially committed business at the local level, accounting for around one fifth of the European Union (EU) bank deposits and loans. Despite their importance, little is known about the relationship between bank stability and competition for these small credit institutions. Does competition affect the stability of cooperative banks? Does the financial stability of banks increase/decrease when competition is higher? We assess the dynamic relationship between competition and bank soundness (both in the short and long run) among European cooperative banks between 1998 and 2009. We obtain three main results. First, we provide evidence in line with the competition-stability view proposed by Boyd and De Nicolò (2005). Bank market power negatively “Granger-causes” banks' soundness, meaning that there is a positive relationship between competition and stability. Second, we find that this fundamental relationship does not change during the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Third, we show that increased homogeneity in the cooperative banking sector positively affects bank soundness. Our findings have important policy implications for designing and implementing regulations that enhance the overall stability of the financial system and in particular of the cooperative banking sector.     

Financial nexus: Efficiency and soundness in banking and capital markets

Based on a modified version of the model used in Corvoisier and Gropp (2002) and De Guevara et al. (2005), we argue that banks' soundness, the structural characteristics and efficiency of the banking sector along with the development of the capital markets constitute a financial nexus. For a data set of 63 developed and developing countries, we find evidences that efficiency significantly modulates the linkages between concentration and soundness. We also find that capital markets' development supports a stable evolution in banking sector. For the relationship between capital markets and soundness, our findings appear to be robust for various measures of the considered variables as well as for different estimation techniques. Regarding the impact of the concentration upon soundness, the results obtained display a certain sensitivity about the way concentration is measured.     

The impact of central bank transparency on systemic risk—Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of central bank transparency on systemic risk in emerging banking markets using a sample composed of 34 banks from Central and Eastern Europe for a period spanning from 2005 through 2012. Results indicate a positive and significant relationship between central bank transparency and financial institutions’ contribution to systemic risk. On the other side, increased central bank transparency significantly reduces the idiosyncratic risk of banks. The relationship is influenced by the restrictiveness of regulatory framework. We argue that a more transparent central bank is beneficial for the banking sector from a microprudential perspective. However, it may create incentives for financial institutions to engage in risky activities and through herd behavior may increase individual contribution to the risk of the banking system.     

Determinants of Bank Distress in Europe: Evidence from a New Data Set

Using a unique data set on bank distress, this paper provides novel empirical evidence on the determinants of bank soundness in the European Union (EU) as a whole. The estimation results are consistent with the hypothesis that bank risks have converged across EU members, providing empirical support for introduction of a more centralized system of financial regulation in the EU. We show that asset quality and earning profile of banks are important determinants of bank distress next to leverage, suggesting that these should be central in EU-wide financial regulation and supervision. We find that market discipline, both by depositors and by stock market participants, plays a role in the EU, supporting the notion that transparency and dissemination of financial information would contribute to the financial soundness of banks. Our data also point to the presence of contagion effects, relatively higher fragility of concentrated banking sectors, and hazards associated with high ratios of wholesale funding.     

The role of accounting in bank regulation on the eve of japan’s financial crisis: a failure of the new capital adequacy regulation

In contrast to previous examinations of the role of accounting in financial crises, this paper explores the way in which accounting has been woven into a new system of banking regulations. Although the regulatory reform of the mid-1980s was intended to maintain the soundness of banking businesses, it failed to prevent banks from excessive asset expansion in the latter half of the 1980s in Japan. One of the major causes of this regulatory failure is found in the way that the regulatory capital is defined for the new capital adequacy regulation. The latent revaluation reserves are partially counted as capital. Japanese domestic regulatory reform took place in the wider context of the international standardization of capital adequacy regulations (BIS standards). Japanese regulators utilized taken-for-granted practices of accounting to creatively comply with the BIS standards.     

Banks without parachutes: Competitive effects of government bail-out policies

We analyze the competitive effects of government bail-out policies in two models with different degrees of transparency in the banking sector. Our main result is that bail-outs lead to higher risk-taking among the protected bank’s competitors, independently of transparency. The reason is that the prospect of a bail-out induces the protected bank to expand, which intensifies competition in the deposit market, depresses other banks’ margins, and thereby increases risk-taking incentives. Contrary to conventional wisdom, protected banks may take lower risks when transparency in the banking sector is low and the deposit supply is sufficiently elastic.     

Financial Sector transparency and net interest margins: Should the private or public Sector lead financial Sector transparency?

This study examines the effect of private and public sector led financial sector transparency on bank interest margins across eighty-six economies. Using a two-step dynamic system generalized method of moments, least square dummy variables, fixed effects and bootstrap quantile panel models between 2005 and 2016, the findings of the two-step GMM are reported as follows. First, results reveal that financial sector transparency whether led by private or public sector reduces interest margins. Second, while no statistical evidence was found on which of the two (private or public sector led transparency) is more effective in dealing with bank interest margins, public sector-led financial transparency is found to be more consistent in reducing bank interest margins across many more economies. Third, the study shows that the effect of financial sector transparency is visible at lower and middle levels of bank interest margins implying that economies with lower and moderately high bank interest margin level can benefit more from policies targeted at improving transparency in the financial sector. These findings imply that the sampled countries must enact policies and laws that deepen and expand financial sector transparency in order to potentially reduce bank interest margins for the good of banking market participants and society at large.     

Optimal Bank Transparency

Increasing transparency is recurrently offered as a centerpiece of bank regulation. We study a competitive banking sector whose illiquid assets are funded by short‐term debt that must be refinanced. We show that welfare is a nonmonotonic function of the level of transparency: Increasing transparency fosters efficient liquidation but has an adverse effect on rollover risk given the level of risk. Banks may compensate this adverse effect by taking more risk. These offsetting effects render an intermediate level of transparency optimal. Moreover, the existence of negative social externalities of bank failures calls for making banks more opaque rather than more transparent.     

The impact of the banking sector on economic structure and growth

In this paper, we study the impact of banking sector development on changes in economic structure and growth. We argue that banking sector development has differential effects on industrial sector development and agricultural sector development. We test whether economic structure and growth foster banking sector development. To test our hypotheses, we construct a panel sample of all countries in the world during 1960–2016. We find that banking sector development has a negative effect on agricultural sector development but exerts no effect on industrial sector development. The negative effect of banking sector development on agricultural sector development is only observed for countries with high degrees of banking sector development. Our results further show that agricultural sector development exerts a negative effect on banking sector development while industrial sector development has a positive effect on banking sector development.     

Financial deregulation and efficiency: An empirical analysis of Indian banks during the post reform period

The paper investigates the performance of Indian commercial banking sector during the post reform period 1992-2002. Several efficiency estimates of individual banks are evaluated using nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Three different approaches viz., intermediation approach, value-added approach and operating approach have been employed to differentiate how efficiency scores vary with changes in inputs and outputs. The analysis links the variation in calculated efficiencies to a set of variables, i.e., bank size, ownership, capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loans and management quality. The findings suggest that medium-sized public sector banks performed reasonably well and are more likely to operate at higher levels of technical efficiency. A close relationship is observed between efficiency and soundness as determined by bank's capital adequacy ratio. The empirical results also show that technically more efficient banks are those that have, on an average, less non-performing loans. A multivariate analysis based on the Tobit model reinforces these findings.