农户耕地劳力投入的影响因素——基于湖北农户调查的实证分析

农户对耕地劳动力投入,是影响农业经济增长、粮食安全的重要因素。文章在对湖北省9个县市672个农户进行问卷调查的基础上,采用回归分析方法,对农户耕地劳力投入的影响因素进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：城市化对农户劳动力投入影响很大,务农人员主要是中老年人,且文化程度整体不高;农户农业生产投入行为是理性的,符合比较利益和风险规避原理;农业机械对劳力具有较强的替代作用,耕地经营规模对农户耕地劳力投入也有较大的影响。     

Finance and sources of growth: evidence from the U.S. states

How does financial development affect economic growth: through its impact on accumulation of physical and human capital or by boosting total factor productivity (TFP) growth? We use a new data set on output, inputs, and total factor productivity for the US states to study this question. Unlike previous cross-country research that tries to disentangle the channels through which financial development impacts growth, we use a plausibly exogenous measure of financial development: the timing of banking deregulation across states during the period 1970–2000. At the same time our new data set allows us to go beyond what was previously done in the state banking deregulation literature and identify whether finance impacts states’ input accumulation or TFP growth. We find, in line with existing cross-country studies, that deregulation boosts growth by accelerating both TFP growth and the accumulation of physical capital without having any impact on human capital. In contrast to the cross-country studies, we also find that the effects of deregulation are largely independent of states’ initial level of development; both rich and poor states grow faster after deregulation. Additionally, since our data set breaks down aggregate output into three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and the remaining industries, we are able to show that deregulation accelerates the growth of productivity in manufacturing. This last finding answers an important critique of the banking deregulation studies which asserts that observed growth effects may be coming from the growth of financial industry itself and not from the beneficial effect of finance on other industries, such as manufacturing.     

Regional diversity of agricultural labor productivity and its driving force in east China

China＇s eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry, and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricultural comparative earning and lack of driving force of agricultural development. Based on calculating agricultural labor productivity in east China from 1996 to 2005, this paper analyzes contributing degree of motive forces of agriculture develop in ten provinces and cities of east China applying GCA （Grey correlative analysis）. The results show that there is no absolute correspondence between the level of industrialization and agricultural labor productivity in China＇s eastern area. There is no synchronous development between industry and agricultural labor productiviry in some areas. Fertilizer and agricultural machinery input had high contributing degree for ten years; however; contributing degree in land and irrigation work input was low. Non-materialization inputs became the leading role in most provinces and cities＇ increase of agricultural labor productivity. Modern agricultural development need non-materialization inputs as primary motive force, at the same time, direct material input and facility input as guaranteed function. For some reasons, agricultural development is characterized by ＂more direct material input, less facility input ＂ in east China now. Optimal driving.force model of future agricultural development in east China is that non-materialization inputs are dominant, that perfected facility input arc guarantee, and that certain substance inputs are necessary     

我国东部地区产业升级对中西部发展的激励

大量低技能劳动力流向东部,延续了东部继续靠引进技术、从事附加值较低产业的生产方式。这种发展模式对服务业需求较低,进一步制约了城乡劳动力的转移和产业结构优化。通过加大对中西部核心地区基础设施建设,形成在低端产业对东部的竞争基础,促使东部通过技术开发向附加值更高产业转变。产业的发展带动服务业需求,长期将为中西部提供更多就业机会。     

城乡结合部区域农户土地利用行为差异及其政策启示——以沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户调查为例

城乡结合部是中国工业化、城市化进程中形成的独特区域,该区域土地利用问题敏感、复杂且意义重大。从农户土地利用行为角度出发,通过构建工业化、城市化进程中农户土地利用行为差异形成机理分析框架,采用方差分析、统计分析的方法,以辽宁省沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查问卷为基础,对城乡结合部农户土地利用行为变化规律进行研究。结果表明：该区域农户土地利用行为在空间分布上呈现＂反图能圈＂式的种植业布局模式,具有明显的＂非农化＂与＂非粮化＂的特征。其中近郊区农户以＂粮食需求＂为主,主要种植玉米,土地利用程度低,土地投入强度小。远郊区农户以＂粮食需求和利润需求协调＂为主,兼种大田作物和陆地蔬菜,农户土地利用程度较高,土地投入强度较大。纯农村农户以＂利润需求＂为主,主要种植大棚蔬菜和陆地蔬菜,土地利用程度最高,土地投入强度最大。在结论的基础上,提出应该从完善农村社会保障体系、健全农地流转机制、加大农业科技投入力度、优化农业产业的合理布局等方面引导农户合理利用土地资源,实现土地利用效率的提高和土地资源的可持续利用。     

The impacts of social pension on rural household expenditure: evidence from China

In 2009, China began to implement a new social pension scheme in rural areas. We examine the impacts of this social pension on two main components of rural household expenditure, consumption and agricultural production investment. Our findings show that on average, rural households increase consumption by 1–3% and agricultural investment by as high as 6–9% in pilot counties. Further estimations reveal that the pension mainly affects the households with old-aged members and the poorer families, and that the saving rate hasn’t been changed by the pension, which support more the contingent income than the life-cycle hypothesis. We also find that among various types of expenditures, the most dramatic increases have occurred in food consumption and operational inputs on agricultural production.     

中国农村劳动力流动对产业梯度转移的影响探析

中国农村低成本劳动力大规模流入城市,使得城市低梯度产业能够继续留在城市发展,阻碍了产业梯度顺利自发转移,从而进一步加剧了城乡收入差距。对我国城市化与农业就业结构滞后现状的分析表明,产业梯度转移困难是我国典型城乡制度分层的结果。     

农业生态效率评价及提升路径研究——基于山东省17个地级市的实证分析

将农业碳排放和农业面源污染作为非期望产出纳入评价体系,采用包含非期望产出的SBM模型测度2000—2017年山东省17个地级市的农业生态效率,利用ArcGIS技术和莫兰指数展现农业生态效率的空间分布特征,并运用冗余率剖析效率损失原因,提出针对性改进建议。研究发现:(1)山东省农业生态效率整体较高但地区差异明显,济南、烟台处于效率有效状态,其余各市处于非有效状态。从历年趋势看,农业生态效率均值在研究期内呈现缓慢下降态势,2013—2017年稳定在中等效率水平。(2)从空间特征来看,山东省农业生态效率呈现正的空间相关性,总体上“低—低”集聚型和“低—高”集聚型地区偏多,中部和东部沿海地区为两个高效率集团。(3)从生态效率损失原因来看,农药投入、劳动力投入和农业面源污染物排放是主要原因。此外,不同地区效率损失的具体原因也存在差异。因此,要想获得生态效率的提升,有必要从生产要素投入和污染物排放两方面进行管控和改善,探索建立跨区域的农业生态化发展合作机制。     

Biofuels and Land Use Change: Sugarcane and Soybean Acreage Response in Brazil

Scientists and economists are increasingly worried that biofuels production is leading to land use changes in the form of competition with food crops or loss of natural ecosystems. I estimate acreage conversion in response to shocks in sugarcane (a biofuels feedstock) and soybean (thought to be affected by United States corn ethanol production) prices in Brazil at a national and regional level. Using county-level data from 1973 to 2005, I consider a dynamic panel data model of input demand for agricultural land, conditioning on price changes of other commodities. The short-run crop-price elasticity of sugarcane acreage in Brazil is estimated to be approximately zero, whereas the elasticity of soybean acreage is 0.9 when both spot and futures prices change. The regional estimates for soybeans show considerable variation, and are highest in areas of ecological importance, such as the cerrado. Sugarcane estimates are more homogeneous. These results should be taken into account in impact assessments of biofuels.     

城镇化会提高生活用能需求吗 ?——基于中国2003-2013年省际面板数据的检验

城镇化进程既是人口由农村转移至城市的过程,也是经济发展和城乡居民收入提高的过程,其对"生活用能需求"的影响相应地有结构效应和收入效应.文章据此构建了一个包含控制变量的城镇化率与人均G D P交互作用的"生活用能需求"模型,并运用中国2003-2013年的省际面板数据进行了系统的实证检验.结果表明:(1)经济发展初期,人口从农村到城市的转移对生活用能具有正效应,但会随经济发展水平的提高而减弱,当经济发展到一定阶段后,结构效应为负.(2)人均GD P对"生活用能需求"的正向影响在城镇化进程中也逐步减弱,但收入效应始终为正.因此总体看,城镇化会提高"生活用能需求",但这主要是由于收入水平提高的结果;仅从人口结构的变动看,在中国目前的发展阶段,人口由农村转移至城市有利于节能.(3)城镇化进程中收入水平提高和人口结构变化对居民"生活用能需求"的不同影响存在地区差异.文章的研究为推进新型城镇化建设和城镇化节能的国家战略提供了经验支持.     

农村金融机构缺失原因及对策浅析

当前,我国广大农村地区金融市场供需严重失衡,其原因在于,一是农村金融机构运营成本高昂,二是金融产品价格失真导致农村金融机构收入低下。针对这些情况,文章提出积极推进农村金融产品市场定价;重新设计支农贷款补贴政策等措施,以期达到促进农村金融市场走向繁荣的目的。     

关于农区工业化、城镇化与农业现代化互动发展的思考

工业化、城镇化与农业现代化互动发展,是农区全面建设小康社会的基本途径。发展畜牧业及其相关产业则是实现上述"三化"的重要选择。农区要用工业理念发展畜牧业,以食品工业为龙头,调整农村产业经济结构,加大对畜牧业的投引资力度,积极鼓励民营企业发展,加强农村人力资源能力建设。     

Measures of capacity utilization and its determinants: a study of Indian manufacturing

We estimate Capacity Utilization (CU) rates in for selected industries in Indian manufacturing for the 20-year period 1976–1996. We estimate a generalized Leontief variable cost function, with capital as a quasi fixed input, to derive our CU measures, using error-component techniques. We note substantial variations in CU both across industries and over time. In general, we find that CU rates were higher in the earlier time-period, dropped in the mid-80s and started rising again in the early 90s. CU rates in our analysis are sensitive to input prices with the sole exception of the price of labor. We also confirm the standard result that variations in demand are a significant driving force for variations in CU. We find that CU is positively related to the magnitude of labor intensity in production. This holds for both between-industries and within-industries. Empirical results also indicate that traditional measures of CU such as minimum capital output ratio and peak-to-peak are not appropriate proxies for the short-run decision making of the firm regarding CU. As compared to the estimates derived from the choice-theoretic framework, we find that the traditional measures exhibit substantial bias.     

新疆农村居民消费状况实证分析

改革开放以来，新疆农村居民的收入水平和生活质量不断提高，农村居民的消费水平和消费结构发生了很大的变化，农村居民的消费方式已从过去的数量型转变为质量型，基本上由温饱型过渡到小康型，但消费关系日益复杂。新疆城乡间、地区间农村居民消费状况仍存在较大差别，制约新疆农村居民消费需求的因素主要表现在收入、环境、理念等方面。     

关于我国城乡收入差距和政府的行为选择的探讨

本文对我国现阶段所存在的城乡二元经济结构进行了分析,并根据工业化国家发展的经验,提出政府行为选择对解决我国城乡收入差距问题具有重要的意义,进而探讨了现阶段政府行为选择的主要措施:全面减轻农民负担、增加政府的农业投入并合理调节农业投入的结构、促进农村人口非农化转移以及建立农村人力资源开发体系等。     

Finance and inequality: a study of Indian states

Although a large literature exists on finance and economic growth, few studies have empirically examined the relationship between finance and inequality. Using grouped national household sample survey data on monthly household consumption expenditure at the sub-national level for the years 1999–2000 to 2006–2007, we examine the relationship between Financial Development (FD) and rural and urban inequality in India. The results indicate that FD is associated with a reduction in inequality, but only in the urban areas. Further, inequality is found to be higher in the richer states compared to less developed and low income states, and as state income increases, inequality also increases both in the rural and urban areas. Finally, our results show that increase in population per bank branch leads to higher inequality in urban areas but decline in rural areas.     

DOES SPENDING MORE ON TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAMS MAKE ECONOMIC SENSE? AN INCREMENTAL BENEFIT‐COST ANALYSIS USING PANEL DATA

This paper presents a benefit‐cost analysis of the ongoing, state‐level tobacco prevention and control programs in the United States. Using state‐level panel data for the years 1991–2007, the study applies several variants of econometric modeling approaches to estimate the state‐level tobacco demand. The paper finds a statistically significant evidence of a sustained and steadily increasing long‐run impact of the tobacco control program spending on cigarette demand in states. The study also shows that, if individual states follow the Best Practices funding guidelines, potential future annual benefits of the tobacco control program can be as high as 14–20 times the cost of program implementation. (JEL C2, H5, I1)     

农业综合开发与生态型新农村建设

建设社会主义新农村是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务,是统筹城乡发展和以工促农、以城带乡的基本途径,是缩小城乡差距、扩大农村市场需求的根本出路,是解决“三农”问题、全面建设小康社会的重大战略举措,而生态型新农村是实现农业和农村经济可持续发展的必然选择。本研究通过对南阳市新农村建设的调查,深刻分析了现实中存在的问题,并提出了解决问题的对策。     

Cost Behaviour of Chinese State-owned Manufacturing Enterprises in the 1980s

This paper aims to model the cost behaviour of Chinese state-owned enterprises in the 1980s. Given production autonomy and profit-related bonus incentives, state firms are expected to increase profits and therefore bonuses by changing their cost behaviours more rationally. However, since institutional constraints remain and distort the rational demand of the firm for input factors, the changes cannot go as far as expected by the standard neoclassical cost minimisation theory. Based on this, we derived a total cost function for Chinese state firms restricted by the government control over their total wage bills. We then test it using a panel data of 386 state manufacturing enterprises in the period 1983–87. It is found that the model predicted well. Despite the constraints, the reform did lead the firms to respond to both changes in factor prices in the directions expected by cost minimising behaviour and to bonus incentives to produce more efficiently.     

Market structure and pricing behaviour in Austrian manufacturing

The paper provides a formal model of price rigidities which is consistent with the observed difference in pricing across industries. The empirical test for a sample of Austrian manufacturing industries confirms the derived propositions. Concentration, inventoriability, export orientation, and disparities in firm size do not influence the price level directly but are shown to have an impact on the sensitivity of prices to demand and cost changes. Cost (demand) changes are less (more) fully transmitted into prices in concentrated industries.I am indebted to the participants of the Industrial Organization Conference held in Vienna in June 1992 and especially to Helmut Schuster and Karl Aiginger for valueble comments.