我国寿险业的效率研究

在寿险业市场全面对外开放以及全球金融危机的双重压力下,我国寿险业正面临着如何提升效率、维持竞争力的严峻考验。研究表明,提高财务杠杆率、扩张市场占有率是提升寿险企业经营效率的重要途径。由于股权属性在不同资源投入效率上各具优势,且企业成立年数对企业效率没有显著影响,使国内寿险企业在对外竞争中并不处劣势。     

THE EFFICIENCY OF REAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES IN HUNGARIAN INDUSTRY

The author attributes economic growth in Hungary to three factors: structural change, increase of employment, and productivity. On the basis of this he points out that in the 1950's the first two factors were responsible for nearly half of the economic growth. From the 1960's this tendency has changed; more and more importance has been taken by the increase of productivity. As the main source of economic growth is the increase of industrial productivity, in the further part of the study the author makes an attempt to break down the development of Hungarian industry into its components and to analyse their efficiency. Starting from the present conditions of industrial development he investigates what further increase of industry the resources accumulated till now and their probable growth will allow in the future.
Taking into account the role of material and human resources the author draws the following conclusions.
Industrial production will increase in the future at the same rate as productivity.
The increase of industrial investment will probably be lessened, which postulates the greater increase of capital productivity as well as that productivity will increase at a higher rate than the capital-labour ratio.
These conclusions assume an increase in the efficiency of industrial investment and an above average increase in the high-productivity branches.
A further source of increasing productivity is accumulated human capital. The higher educational level is one of the guarantees for the ever-increasing role of productivity in economic growth in the future.     

提升中国产业竞争力的思考

改革开放30年来,我国出口商品规模不断扩大,出口商品国际竞争力一直在快速提升.但是其国际竞争力主要体现在中低档次的大众消费品领域,并且是以低价格为主要竞争手段,以代工、贴牌为进入国际市场的主要方式,以生产者微利、劳动者低工资和低福利为代价获得的.如何增强中国产业核心竞争力,是关系到国家经济实力持续增强与中国在国际分工中地位提升的关键问题.     

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF THE AUSTRALIAN IRRIGATION INDUSTRY IN TREATING SALT EMISSIONS

In this paper, a stochastic translog production function frontier is specified to estimate the input-oriented technical efficiency of 11 major Australian irrigation schemes. The analysis is applied to a panel data set including the years 1998/1999, 1999/2000 and 2000/2001. The environmental efficiency of each sampled irrigation scheme in relation to treating salt emissions is measured. These EE measures are based on estimates of technical efficiency. The potential reduction of the environmentally detrimental salt emissions resulting from the improvement of environmental inefficiency is estimated. The study indicates that the sampled schemes operated at an average of 80.4% (1998/1999), 89.9% (1999/2000) to 95% (2000/2001) of full environmental efficiency. The potential contraction of salt emission is substantial. The paper also reveals that there is a wide range of EE scores in each year suggesting differences in the management performance of the salt emission problem across individual schemes.     

EFFICIENCY AND BARGAINING POWER IN THE INTERBANK LOAN MARKET

Using detailed transactions‐level data on interbank loans, we examine the efficiency of an overnight interbank lending market and the bargaining power of its participants. Our analysis relies on the equilibrium concept of the core, which imposes a set of no‐arbitrage conditions on trades in the market. For Canada's Large Value Transfer System, we show that although the market is fairly efficient, systemic inefficiency persists throughout our sample. The level of inefficiency matches distinct phases of both the Bank of Canada's operations as well as phases of the 2007–8 financial crisis. We find that bargaining power tilted sharply toward borrowers as the financial crisis progressed and (surprisingly) toward riskier borrowers.     

THE RELEVANCE OF THE COOPERATIVE MODEL IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

While ‘traditional’ cooperatives operating for a long time in fields such as banking, agriculture, or retail, have received important attention in the cooperative literature, much work still needs to be done to understand why and how cooperatives emerge either in fields in which they have not traditionally been widespread (such as health and care, services, etc.), or in ‘new’ fields or sub‐fields (such as fair trade, microfinance or renewable energy). Research is even more needed insofar as ‘new’ cooperatives tend to differ from traditional ones in several ways, for instance through the involvement of multiple stakeholders (rather than a dominant one such as producers, consumers or workers) or through a stronger orientation towards general interest goals (beyond traditional mutual interest at the basis of most cooperatives). In this article, we analyze the emergence of cooperatives in the field of renewable energy. This emergence has raised a lot of enthusiasm among the supporters of cooperatives and citizen‐based renewable energy as well as questions regarding the viability and the replicability of this model. On the one hand, the assets of the cooperative model enable us to understand why this form has been adopted by citizen groups and has developed, although to varying extents, in many countries. On the other hand, the limits or weaknesses of the model enable us to explain why cooperatives are still a minority in the field of renewable energy and why their development is constrained by several obstacles.     

FIRM SIZE AND EFFICIENCY IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY*

The South African motor vehicle industry has historically been considered a critical industry in the South African economy and the target of numerous government policies designed to protect it and/or increase its international competitiveness. This study examines the cost performance of firms in this industry according to their size, using data categorised by output level. The results are consistent with statistically significant economies of scale at the lowest output levels and a cost inefficiency averaging from about seven to nine per cent for all firms. The findings also suggest that all else equal, the smallest firms and the largest firms have lower unit costs than mid‐sized firms. While this work suggests that policies that would give incentives for the smallest firms to increase their scale of operations might help to reduce their unit costs, further investigation needs to be done with respect to why firms in the mid‐level size categories appear to be less efficient.     

基于面板数据的中国资本配置效率研究

基于 Jeffrey Wurgler 的方法,本文提出了一种新的基于面板数据的资本配置效率模型。使用我国39个工业行业的数据度量了90年代资本配置效率,发现从1991年到1999年我国资本配置效率的年平均值为0.0311到0.0375之间,属于很低的水平。自发投资增长指数的大小与国家产业政策的倾斜、高新技术发展方针、产业调整与转移的方向、产业国际竞争力的态势以及市场供求情况基本一致。经济增长仍然是投资主导型的,属于外延扩张的阶段,金融市场应有的资本高效优化配置的机制没有建立起来。本文还分析了相应的金融现象。     

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STATE‐OWNED FIRM AND SOCIAL WELFARE: A NOTE

We consider a mixed market where a state‐owned firm competes with private firms. If the number of firms is exogenous, then a deterioration of the efficiency of the state‐owned firm might improve social welfare. This situation occurs when the state‐owned firm is inefficient and private firms are efficient. However, if the number of firms is endogenous, then a deterioration of the efficiency of the state‐owned firm must reduce social welfare.     

PUBLIC SERVICES IN THE AREA OF THE SOCIAL ECONOMY IN ARGENTINA

ABSTRACT*: The author describes the development of the public sector of the social economy in the last few years. The state-owned companies with significant participation in the economic activity of the country were privatized within the so-called State Reform Scheme (Law 23696), beginning in 1990. Privatizations are still being carried out, but the main activities that were formerly in the hands of the state (electricity, transport, public service) are now in the hands of the lucrative private sector (corporations, mainly of foreign origin). The policy regarding the transfer of these companies has not favoured the social economy sector.     

被征地农民社会保障筹资模式选择

从基金收支平衡能力来看,个人账户和社会统筹通道结合型政府承担的责任最小,收支平衡能力很强;而社会统筹型收支平衡受工资增长率和利率影响很大,在目前经济形势下,将会面临巨大的资金缺口;完全个人账户型收支平衡能力很强,政府财政投入适当,保障水平较高,是被征地农民社会保障最佳筹资模式。