家族性、创业导向与家族创业绩效

家族企业不仅仅是创业的一种组织形式,创业也不仅仅是家族企业生命周期中一个阶段或战略,相反,家族嵌入式创业是关于家族对创业全面综合影响的恰当描述。因此,家族涉入创业活动产生了与创业理论和家族企业研究既有联系又有区别的独特的理论问题,正发展成一个新兴的研究领域。本文通过阐明家族涉入创业活动的家族性因素和创业导向,构建了一个基于资源视角的家族创业研究框架,并指出了未来的研究方向。     

Entrepreneurship and Transition

While output andemployment in the overextended and overmannedstate sector decrease, it is crucial for thesuccess of transition that privateentrepreneurship builds up, increasingproduction and employment, in a processsomewhat paralleling the dual developmentHarris-Lewis-Todaro model, where the statesector plays the role of the traditional sectorendowed with an almost unlimited reserve oflabour. The way this takes place depends to agreat extent not only on the specific featuresof the privatisation processes pursued, butalso on the overall institutional and socialconditions affecting the development, and thenature, of private entrepreneurship. Inparticular, under conditions of insufficientconstruction of the institutional framework ofthe market, and lack of prevention andpunishment of fraudulent behaviour andself-dealing, the development ofentrepreneurship can be derailed intounproductive and destructive forms, accordingto Baumol's distinction, with dire economic andsocial consequences. The different outcomes ofthe transition process may also be explainedthrough the different preconditions affectingthe severity of the specific impedimentsencountered in development of entrepreneurship.Some policy suggestions for speeding up thisdevelopment, both in quantitative andqualitative terms, conclude the paper.     

Entrepreneurship and organization design

We model entrepreneurship and the emergence of firms as an outcome of simultaneous bidding for labor services among heterogeneous agents. What distinguishes our approach from prior work is that occupational choice and job matching are determined simultaneously, so that the opportunity costs of entrepreneurs are accounted for. Those who are relatively unmanageable, while possibly excellent managers themselves, become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs compete and create value by building efficient organizations and offering potentially well-paid jobs to others. While the entry of an additional entrepreneur typically reduces some individual wages, we show that it always raises the average wage and depresses the average income of incumbent entrepreneurs. This result may help explain the empirically low returns to entrepreneurship.     

Unemployment Benefits and Entrepreneurship

Several recent empirical papers show that unemployment benefits crowd out nascent entrepreneurs. In the present paper provide theoretical support in favour of this interesting result. Over fairly general preference patterns we obtain a measure of the opportunity cost of entrepreneurs in the presence of unemployment benefits and derive conditions under which potential entrepreneurs suffer as unemployment benefits rise. We formulate a clear transmission mechanism in the labour market that links unemployment benefits to occupational choice for a group of risk‐averse individuals.     

Entrepreneurship and institutional change

Entrepreneurs do more than just buy low and sell high; they sometimes also change our institutions, including our categories of thought. New institutional economics has been examining incentives that drive individuals to bring about market-supporting institutional arrangements. There is, however, an aspect of entrepreneurship conducive to institutional changes that has been neglected by contemporary institutionalist theories and that remains underdeveloped in entrepreneurship research. When and how does entrepreneurship bring about institutional change? I suggest that entrepreneurs are agents of institutional change when cultural categorization is ambiguous with regard to the proper and permissible applications of novel artifacts. Motherhood, for example, used to be a simple category, but surrogacy changed that radically. Examining newspaper evidence, social surveys, statutory law, and judicial cases, I show how entrepreneurs, by provoking a change in interpretation and judgment, challenged the existing institutional legal ordering of procreation turning a technically feasible method of surrogacy into current practice.     

Rousseau's notion of envy: A comparison with modern economic theory

Abstract

The concept of envy is present both in Rousseau's economic philosophy and in modern economic theory. This paper compares these different uses of the concept and studies the relevance of the definition of envy adopted on each side, taking into account what is at stake when a notion of envy is introduced. It will be shown that Rousseau's envy cannot be expressed by modern conceptions of envy. Nevertheless, it enlightens the debate between the two competing notions of envy present in modern economic theory, revealing that the existence of envy questions the notion of self-interest.     

Entrepreneurship and Unemployment in the UK

The influence of industrial structure, more specifically of entrepreneurship, is investigated on the level of unemployment in the UK. The question is to what extent entrepreneurship, i.e., business ownership can reduce the level of unemployment. The alleged differences between the managed and the entrepreneurial economy will be discussed as well as the links between entrepreneurship and unemployment. It will be concluded that the UK is a relative outlier when using a simple model of the relationship between unemployment and the rate of business ownership. The model is calibrated using recent data of some 23 OECD countries. It underestimates the decrease in unemployment in the UK in the period 1982–1990. Some arguments are brought forward why this might be the case.     

Entrepreneurship education and the business school

This paper examines entrepreneurship education in the light of debates about the future of the business school, the nature of the MBA, with which management education is generally synonymous, and the links that need to be created between teaching and research. There is increasing focus on the general utility of entrepreneurial skills and aptitudes (i.e. creativity, independent thinking, opportunity recognition and exploitation, etc.), and it is our contention that entrepreneurship education offers an innovative new paradigm for business school education that answers some of the challenges that are currently levelled against the MBA. Given the breadth of relevance in terms of the issues around Entrepreneurship Education and future pedagogical development in Business Schools, this paper is also well placed as a vehicle to introduce the rest of the coverage in this special issue of TASM. This paper therefore also summarises the papers presented in terms of their contribution to our understanding of the role of entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education. All suggest the need for the broadening of human and social capital, while some propose a fundamental shift in the delivery of professional education.     

Entrepreneurship and the taste for discrimination

This paper analyzes the connection between discrimination and entrepreneurship. We contend that the entrepreneur is the central mechanism through which inefficiencies associated with discrimination are competed away. In addition to illuminating the mechanism through which existing discrimination tends to be eliminated, we also consider the more difficult case of consumer discrimination. The standard assumption is that consumer discrimination will not be competed away through market forces. In contrast, we find that entrepreneurs can correct the inefficiencies associated with this form of discrimination by influencing the costs and benefits associated with consumer discrimination. We empirically analyze the integration of black players in Major League Baseball to illustrate our theoretical arguments regarding entrepreneurship and consumer discrimination.     

激发创业企业集群的创业动力——基于“组织域”层面分析

创业企业集群是企业家的聚集区域，创业者是推动创业企业集群“点-线-面-群”成长和升级的关键因素。本文应用组织社会学中的新制度学派观点，从“组织域”层面解释创业企业集群的发育机理，对以高科技园区为代表的创业企业集群、群内企业以及集群环境进行分析，并提出了高科技园区发展的政策建议。     

环境退化、市场非均衡与创业

文章提出了一种新的创业观,解释了环境问题创业。奥地利学派的创业理论认为,市场非均衡提供了创业机会。环境退化作为一种市场非均衡,为创业者提供了潜在机会。但是对这种机会的利用存在一系列障碍,文章将针对其中的不对称信息、不完全信息与公共产品,介绍创业者如何克服这两种障碍,利用环境退化所产生的机会进行创业,缓解环境退化。     

文化环境与创业过程的关系

本文通过对文化环境和创业过程的关系研究，揭示了在创业过程DDEE模型中，文化是如何对创业机会的需求、创业机会的识别、创业机会的评价和创业机会的利用产生影响的。研究表明，在创业过程的各阶段，发挥影响作用的文化维度各不相同。因此，只有有针对性地培养文化中的不同要素．才能更好地制定创业政策，培育适宜的创业环境。     

社会网络、非正规金融与创业

社会网络可以缓解信息不对称问题,从而促进民间借贷。本文使用中国农村的调查数据,发现拥有更多社会网络的农民,会有更多的民间借贷渠道,从而更有可能创办自营工商业。农村个体工商业的初始投资和后续发展所需的资金很大程度上来自于亲友的借款。本文还发现,在正规金融越不发达的地方,民间借贷对农民创办自营工商业所发挥的作用越大。这表明,依托亲友关系的非正规金融弥补了农村正规金融发展滞后的缺陷。     

环境变数、创业精神与经营绩效

企业创业精神对于企业经营绩效具有显著正向的影响,它通过创新、事前因应与风险承担三个方面对企业经营绩效产生影响.企业创业精神与企业经营绩效间的关系会受外在因素所影响,环境变数影响着企业创业精神与经营绩效:环境变数可增强企业创业精神与企业经营绩效间的效果.     

Technological Entrepreneurship and Capability Building in Biotechnology

The question addressed in this paper is whether and how intermediate developed countries (IDCs) can profit from the possibilities opened by globalisation to set off processes of capability building in advanced technological sectors. While most debates have taken place in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field, the paper addresses the case of biotechnology. It is argued that, given the specific characteristics of biotechnology, opportunities may emerge for technology-intensive entrepreneurial initiatives in countries that have developed a reasonable science base and built the capacity to connect to and plug into international biotechnology networks. The exploitation of these opportunities requires strategies that combine good indigenous scientific competences and a pool of skilled human resources, with transnational linkages, and that rely on firms' abilities to find a position in globally coordinated 'knowledge value chains'. The paper conducts a first assessment of the viability of this approach, drawing on empirical research on 'distant networking strategies' adopted by Portuguese new biotechnology firms.     

最低工资与流动人口创业

在包含最低工资与流动人口创业选择的理论框架指导下,运用2015年全国流动人口微观数据和与之匹配的1437个县(区)级最低工资数据,实证检验了最低工资对流动人口创业的影响。结果表明,最低工资标准提高带来的劳动力成本效应显著抑制了流动人口的整体创业倾向,且相比于其他类型,对"必需型"创业具有更强的抑制效应。同时,对不同流动距离创业者的影响效应也与理论预期一致,即对跨市流动创业的抑制效应更明显。进而,研究在改革开放四十周年之际,注重对开放条件下的异质性探究,初步检验了地区及行业开放差别对最低工资影响流动人口创业的异质效应,显示更为开放的地区和部门对最低工资提高引起的成本上升更加敏感。最后,考虑到各地区对吸引技能创新人才的迫切需求,将劳动者的技能差异因素引入分析之中并加以更细致的探讨。     

结构性改革、企业家精神与经济增长

企业家的规模扩张并不必然带来经济增长已成为中国推进创新创业过程中亟待解决的现实矛盾,而结构性改革能否破解企业家精神的经济增长之谜并通过提升企业家质量来实现促增长是当前推动高质量发展面临的重要问题.在将企业家精神区分为机会型与生存型企业家精神的基础上,利用92个国家2001-2016年数据的实证研究表明,从长期来看,机会型企业家精神将促进经济增长,而生存型企业家精神将抑制经济增长;结构性改革能够激发机会型企业家精神,同时抑制生存型企业家精神,特别在增长转型阶段,贸易改革、金融改革与产权改革是促进机会型企业家精神的重要途径;结构性改革能通过影响机会型企业家精神实现经济增长.因此,以结构性改革激发和保护机会型企业家精神将是中国实现企业家质量提升与经济持续增长的重要途径.     

不确定性世界的企业领导

我们存在于一个动态变迁的世界之中,这决定了企业在决策时面临着大量的不确定性,企业要在这样的情况下获得持续生存,就必须认清环境演变的意义,建立一套具有适应性效率的制度结构,将不确定性融入到决策的制定过程中去。