论我国电力管理体制改革

虽然电力行业属于垄断行业,其自然垄断业务有持垄断的合理性,但我国目前由于缺乏独立的规制机构,缺乏对发电企业和电网公司垄断行为的有效规制,导致过度垄断,抑制了有效竞争,扭曲了资源配置,损失了效率和福利.我们应当尽快建立独立的规制机构,将电网公司的电能交易业务与提供基础性服务业务分开,引入多元的电能交易主体,改变成本加成定价方法,建立激励性的定价制度.     

基于层次分析法的居民阶梯电价实施效果评价

2012年7月1日,全国各省市陆续推出阶梯电价实施方案,在更多的人考虑如何科学制定阶梯电价模型的同时,逐渐衍生出来的居民阶梯电价实施效果问题也绝对不容忽视。为此,从阶梯电价实施效果评价指标体系出发,采用层次分析法将与决策有关的元素分解成目标、准则、子准则、方案等层次,综合评价居民阶梯电价方案实施效果,通过比较得到最优方案。     

阶梯定价、实时定价及其潜在影响

针对实施居民用电梯度定价的决定,研究认为,此次电价调整将提高整体电价水平。阶梯定价只是一种调节收入分配的手段,并没有促进电力行业资源的有效配置。对于未来的电价改革,在引入阶梯定价的框架下,仍存在较大的改革空间。可以考虑在阶梯定价中嵌入实时定价,据此可以用多元化的手段实现不同的目标。但这一切依赖于利益相关者是否具有改革的动力。     

Public utility pricing and regional development in South Africa

The paper considers the effects of public utility pricing in respect of (i) the rail transport of goods, (ii) electricity supply and (iii) irrigation water in the pursuit of economic efficiency and regional development, both of which represent objectives of economic policy in South Africa. It appears that public utility prices deviate significantly from the resource costs of the respective services supplied and generally tend to have greater impact on economic efficiency than on regional development. Moreover, it may well be the case that the South African economy has not yet reached an unequivocal trade‐off state between economic efficiency and regional equity. It is therefore suggested that public utility pricing be directed at achieving a more efficient pattern of resource allocation, while regional development be promoted by measures to stimulate internal and external economies of scale.     

Electricity transmission pricing: The German case

This paper elucidates the German electric power market, especially the electricity transmission pricing system that has been in force since January 2000. This paper points to several distorting pricing features, as well as to grid access problems, and suggests that a regulation office should be established. Moreover, it is argued that an independent grid operator for the entire German grid would enhance its efficient operation, and thereby increase the overall efficiency of the German electric power market. In addition, the actual cost structure and calculation procedure of a German grid operator is described in some detail. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Forty-Ninth International Atlantic Economic Conference, March 14–21, 2000, Munich, Germany and the Fifty-First International Atlantic Economic Conference, March 13–20, 2001, Athens, Greece.     

Market-based and target approaches to assessing the prospects of the nuclear power industry

The article addresses comparative models of the development prospects of the nuclear power industry under the conditions of a specified scenario of growth in the total electricity production in the context of market pricing and target cross subsidies aimed at reducing the price of energy.     

居民用电对城市节能目标的影响及对策——以上海市为例

居民电能消费量,是城市生活质量的重要标志,随着经济发展和收入增长,城市居民的电能消费呈大幅度增长的势态,占城市能源消耗总量的比率不断提升。然而这种增长趋势却大大抵消了为节能降耗所采取各种措施的效果,不利于城市节能降耗目标的实现。本文定量分析居民用电对城市节能目标的影响程度,并提出减弱和消除其不利影响的可行措施。     

An introduction: the challenges of the Chinese electricity industry and its reform

This introduction is to highlight comprehensively the Chinese electricity industry for issues related to the institutional reform, capacity growth, pricing regime, technology development, supply structure and new investment in upgrading electric power grids. Through reviews of statistics and documentaries, we provide a generally updated understanding of the current development and reform of China’s electric power industry, which is one strategic focus of the Chinese Government for its further reform in the energy sector.     

中国电力能源效率影响因素研究

论文选取我国29个省、市、自治区2000—2009年10年的面板数据,利用面板平滑转换模型深入分析产业结构、能源消费结构、技术进步、对外开放程度及电力价格五大因素对电力能源效率的影响程度及影响机制,结果显示：①第二产业的比重对电力能源效率具有负向影响,但随着产业结构的不断优化升级,电力能源效率反而逐渐提升;②电力消费量占能源消费总量的比重对电力能源效率的提高具有反作用;③技术进步水平、进出口贸易总额占GDP比重均会促进电力能源效率的提高;④电力价格对电力能源效率的影响不明显,若想通过调整电价来大幅提高我国的电力能源效率,效果可能并不显著,但对于寻找替代能源、发展清洁新能源可能会有一定的促进作用。最后,有针对性地为提高我国的电力能源效率提出政策建议。     

沙戈荒基地外送全环节经济性测算及市场竞争力分析

在风光火储打捆基地外送价格形成机制尚不明确且暂无可借鉴成熟经验的背景下,对沙戈荒基地外送经济性测算展开分析与讨论。首先考虑以系统运行成本最小为目标搭建了生产运行模拟模型,并基于经营期法和按发电量比例分配原则搭建打捆送电成本电价测算模型。以沙戈荒基地外送某典型工程为例,对基地发电、送电等外送全环节经济性进行了测算。进一步从打捆电源配置、标准煤单价、增配储能、考虑调峰收益、单位造价等几方面分析影响沙戈荒基地发电成本电价的主要因素,并通过比较受端区域燃煤发电基准价与测算的落地成本电价对市场竞争力进行分析讨论。案例的分析结果从经济成本与市场竞争力角度对沙戈荒基地外送工程规划、建设及定价机制设计具有借鉴作用,对全面贯彻落实碳达峰碳中和战略决策,服务能源转型和清洁绿色低碳发展具有重大意义。     

电改环境下油气管道企业用电成本管控研究

电力体制改革为油气管道企业用电成本管控提供了政策支持。在梳理电力改革政策的基础上,简要介绍了适用于油气管道企业的新电力政策,详细分析了我国油气管道企业存在的基本电费偏高、力调电费偏高、用电类型不合理、用电管理有待完善等用电现状及其根本原因。在上述分析的基础上,提出了选取合适的用电类别、选择合理的电费计费方式降低基本电费、提高功率因数降低力调电费、积极利用直购电政策、健全用电成本管控激励和考核机制等对策建议,以期为油气管道企业用电成本管控提供参考借鉴。     

金融危机下我国煤炭定价机制的思考

煤炭是我国目前的主要能源,煤炭行业也是我国的支柱产业,煤炭的价格走向牵动各方的利益,煤炭的定价机制也受到各方关注。在金融危机的背景下,探讨我国煤炭行业的定价机制的改革,抓住机遇,实施改革,理顺煤炭的定价机制,以促进煤炭及相关行业又好又快发展。文章分析当前我国煤炭定价机制存在的不足,结合国外主要产煤国的先进理念,提出我国煤炭定价机制改革的建议。     

对我国管理层收购定价问题的探讨

合理的收购价格是管理层收购成功与否的关键。我国现行的以每股净资产作为定价基础的做法是不合理的;由于管理层的历史贡献难以货币化,因此在定价时不应考虑管理层的历史贡献。为使MBO定价公平、合理,可以采用自由现金流量模型确定目标企业的价值,并建立市场化的定价机制。     

我国非再生能源资源定价改革构想

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从资源成本、生产成本、外部成本三个方面分析了科学的可持续发展的非再生能源资源价格的构成,讨论了我国现行的非再生能源资源定价中各组成部分的补偿不足问题,最后提出反映市场供求关系、资源稀缺程度和国际先进经验的我国非再生能源资源定价改革总体构想.     

Efficiency vs. equity as China's national carbon market meets provincial electricity markets

Emissions reduction in the electricity sector is critical in achieving China's carbon neutrality target. While a national carbon trading market that covers the electricity sector has been established, its effectiveness depends on how this sector evolves into being a more integrated market. This study evaluated the impact of China's electricity market integration on the cost-effectiveness of carbon pricing. An integrated (regional electricity market) and a segmented (provincial electricity market) market scenario were used to identify possible reform paths going forward. Using high-frequency datasets of the five southern provinces in 2018, we assessed the impact of electricity market integration on the abatement potential and cost-effectiveness of carbon pricing. We found that carbon prices need to be as high as 200 yuan/ton to begin achieving overall carbon reduction. In this context, the regional market is more cost-effective in reducing emissions than the provincial one, as the abatement costs are saved by around 60% compared to the latter under the same emission reduction targets. However, the regional market may also raise potential equity issues. The provincial-level distribution of carbon emission reductions, as well as the withdrawal of coal power, are more concentrated in the regional market than in the provincial one, which indicates an inequitable social-economic-environmental impacts of market integration. Our research findings would help to improve policymakers' understanding of the interaction between carbon pricing and electricity market reforms. This would then assist them in coordinating an effective design of both the carbon and electricity markets, in addition to supporting China's carbon neutrality target.     

胜利油田电力节能降耗管理研究

本研究是在搜集大量国内外节能降耗的研究文献的基础上,以电力需求侧管理理论和智能电网理论为基础,结合胜利油田电力系统节能降耗管理的工作实际及其特点,科学地评价了其节能降耗管理的现状。通过实地调研,采用AHP／ISM研究方法分析了胜利油田电力系统在节能降耗管理发电、输配电和用电三个方面各环节存在的问题。然后针对其存在的问题逐一提出相应的节电降耗措施。本研究首次尝试将DSM和智能电网先进管理理念应用到油田电力节能分析中,后续研究应该对理论本身进行深化与梳理的基础上,根据油田电力节能管理模式的特殊性,改进研究方法,使其更加适用。     

The distributional impacts of removing energy subsidies in China

The distributional impact on households is an important factor for the acceptance of energy subsidy reform. Based on energy consumption features of the Chinese households at different income levels, this paper adopts an input–output price model to analyze possible impacts of removing energy subsidies on income distribution under different scenarios. Results show that: (1) The distributional impacts of removing subsidies vary by fossil fuels. From the perspectives of combined effects, transport fuel subsidy removal and coal subsidy removal have the strongest and the weakest progressive effects respectively, while the removal of electricity subsidies has a regressive effect. Moreover, the removal of petroleum product subsidies has the greatest impact on households, followed by the removal of electricity and coal subsidies, respectively. (2) Indirect impacts of energy subsidy reform are greater than direct impacts on households. (3) Government price controls can reduce the negative impact of energy subsidy reform. Policy implications are thus summarized. Energy subsidy reform can start from the energy that has the strongest progressive effect and the minimum impact on households. The Chinese government can take certain compensatory measures to mitigate the impact of reform on poor households.     

电量峰谷比变动对基本电售电收入贡献率的数学推导与证明——以YM发电公司为例

阐述了在实行峰谷分时电价政策情况下研究电量峰谷比变动对基本电售电收入影响程度的重要意义,给出了基本电售电收入变动对电量峰谷比变动弹性系数的定义与计算公式,应用数学模型推导出了YM发电公司基本电售电收入变动率与电量峰谷比变动率之间的函数关系,并利用YM发电公司实现峰谷分时电价盈亏平衡条件下的电量峰谷比与基本电售电收入,证明了这一推导过程与结果的正确性与合理性。     

ELECTRICITY REFORMS IN MALI: A MACRO–MICRO ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON POVERTY AND DISTRIBUTION

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) micro-simulation model to explore the distributional and poverty-related effects of price reform in the electricity sector of Mali, a poor country in West Africa. In the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in Mali by income deciles, showing that few poor households are connected to the electricity grid. We then apply a sequential CGE micro-simulation model to track the transmission mechanisms between increases in electricity prices and changes in poverty and inequality among different household groups. Our results show that direct price increases have a minimal effect on poverty and inequality, whereas the general equilibrium effects of such increases are quite strong and negative. The compensating policies we tested do not help those who lose from the pricing reform. In fact they amplify the negative effects.     

日本核电力资源开发的特点及问题

电力资源供应是否充沛已成为目前制约世界经济稳定增长的主要因素,由于核发电优势明显,利用核动力开发电力资源业已成为一些国家保障经济发展的重要选择。日本是利用核能开发电力资源的大国,长期以来在"国策民营"体制下建立起来的核发电业有效地保障了经济的发展。但另一方面,日本在核发电业的发展过程中也表现出一些问题,这些问题对于意欲大规模发展核能的国家来说不仅具有参考价值,而且在国际合作开发与利用核电非常盛行的今天也具有十分重要的现实意义。