人口老龄化、社会保障与人力资本投资

本文以我国养老保险的"统账结合"模式为例,探讨了社会保障制度对人口老龄化和人力资本投资的影响。根据本文的推导和验证,增加"统账结合"模式中个人账户的比例,将会对居民的人力资本投资产生一定的激励作用,并延缓其退出劳动力市场的时间,从而缓解人口老龄化对经济和社会发展带来的压力。另外,本文还在"统账结合"模型下,分析了人力资本投资与退休的关系,结果发现,增加人力资本投资,可以延长居民的劳动参与时间。由此,我国的社会保障制度应该在以下两个方面进行改革:适当增加"统账结合"模式中个人承担的比例;加快农村的社会保障体系建设,促进覆盖全国的社会保障体系的形成。     

人力资本投资与经济增长

人力资本和非人力资本对经济发展都十分重要,随着经济发展水平的提高,人力资本的重要性日益凸现;增加公共教育投入,优化基础教育、职业教育与高等教育结构,优化人力资本布局,增加人力资本积累总量,为经济发展提供强有力的人力资本储备;借鉴国外人力资本报酬设计模式,正确设计我国人力资本报酬模式,发挥人力资源的巨大潜力,为经济增长和社会进步作出巨大贡献。     

人力资本、投资结构与内生经济增长

针对已有的内生增长模型忽视物质资本投资对人力资本生产和技术研发影响的现状,文章建立了一个考虑物质资本投资结构和人力资本分配比例的三部门内生经济增长模型。模型推导结果表明：均衡经济增长率与分配到教育部门的人力资本比例和物质资本比例成正比,而与分配到物质生产部门的物质资本比例和分配到研发部门的人力资本数量呈反比。     

人力资本投资与中国经济增长

人力资本已成为现代经济增长与发展的源泉和根本动力。增加人力资本投资,提高人力资源质量,已成为各国促进经济发展的重要手段。依据相关的人力资本理论,阐述人力资本对于中国经济增长的重要意义,指出人力资本投资已成为中国经济持续增长的关键因素;并在分析中国人力资本现状的基础上,提出了一些加快人力资本形成、加大热力资本投资、促进人力资源发展的政策措施及建议。     

人力资本投资与中国经济增长

人力资本是现代经济增长与发展的源泉和根本动力。增加人力资本投资,提高人力资源质量,已成为各国促进经济发展的重要手段。从中国经济增长的制约和促进因素看,人力资本作为生产要素,对经济增长具有决定作用,人力资本投资在我国经济增长具有战略意义。我国要采取加大人力资本投资力度,促进经济增长的政策与措施     

公共资本投资、内生经济增长与合理政府债务规模*

本文基于一个具有内生增长机制的三部门世代交叠模型,讨论了政府举债为公共投资进行融资时经济的长期均衡;同时,通过数值模拟方法考察了我国的均衡政府债务规模及其影响因素。结果表明：在特定条件下,经济系统存在一个正的均衡政府债务-产出比重,该债务比重水平明显受到公共投资—产出比重、公共投资的债务融资比重、民间资本产出弹性等参数的影响。但是,均衡政府债务比重并不是无限上升的,当上述参数超过特定临界值时,经济系统无法达到均衡,政府债务-产出之比将持续上升,财政将不可持续。另外,当民间资本产出弹性较低时,较高的均衡政府债务比重可能导致经济运行动态无效率。数值模拟结果还显示,基于不同的假设情形,我国的均衡政府债务-产出比重均在不同程度上高于当前实际的政府债务规模,这为我国在未来期间实施扩张性财政政策提供了有利的依据。     

经济增长、人力资本投资与降低婴儿死亡率

一个国家或地区经济增长的目的是为促进包括降低婴儿死亡率在内的人类发展目标。对20世纪90年代中国经济增长与婴儿死亡率之间关系模型的分析显示,物质资本与人力资本的投入水平及相互替代共同制约和影响婴儿死亡率。为使婴儿死亡率的进一步下降,需要国家从制度和政策方面做出相应的安排和调整,平衡物质资本和人力资本投资,尤其是增加对公共卫生、妇幼保健的投入,以促进经济社会协调发展,实现经济增长与人类发展的良性互动。     

基础设施投资、人力资本积累与农业经济增长

本文利用1985-2010年的年度数据,通过构建包含基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入的生产函数对农业经济增长的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明,人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济增长起到积极的促进作用,而基础设施投资阻碍了农业经济的增长;基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济的影响在短期内并不显著;从长期来看,人力资本积累对农业经济的影响最大。本文提出今后的农业政策应该合理配比财政支农资金,促进农民收入增长,以实现农业长期、稳定和可持续的发展。     

人力资本投资、经济增长与城乡收入差距

文章在分析中国城乡收入差距的变化趋势的基础上,通过构建以教育投入经费作为替代变量的含有人力资本溢出效应的生产函数模型,研究教育对缩小收入分配差异的影响。结果表明,改革开放后中国城乡收入差距的表现为先缩小后扩大的态势,人力资本的溢出效应对产出的增长有显著的正向作用,教育的城乡差异是导致收入差距不断扩大的重要原因。     

人口老龄化、经济增长与财政政策

本文通过建立一个拓展的交叠世代模型,探讨了人口老龄化对经济增长的影响以及实现均衡增长的财政政策。研究发现,当人口老龄化对经济增长起到促进作用时,均衡增长政策是增加财政支出规模并加大健康保障支出;反之则是减少财政支出规模并加大公共教育支出。实证检验支持了理论模型的结论,并发现人口老龄化对中国经济增长的影响正在从积极转向消极。因此,中国应当逐步降低财政支出规模,并将更多的财政资金分配到公共教育领域。     

人口结构、人力资本结构与经济增长

经济发展过程伴随着人口结构的改变以及人力资本结构的改变,这种改变又影响着经济增长方式。本文刻画了这两种结构,考察工作家庭与退休家庭、体能资本与知识资本、通用性知识资本与专用性知识资本在经济增长过程中的作用。笔者发现,一个经济社会在其发展的早期阶段,主要是依靠体能资本和专用性知识资本促进经济数量上的增长和赶超,之后主要依靠通用性知识资本实现质量型经济增长。     

人力资本、技术进步与内生经济增长

在内生增长理论中,卢卡斯认为人力资本积累是经济增长的原动力,罗默则认为技术进步是经济增长的源泉。本文构建了一个内生增长模型,以解释人力资本积累和技术进步共同推动经济增长的机制。     

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MEXICO

This paper analyzes the impact on economic growth of public and private investment spending in Mexico. Public investment expenditures had a positive and significant effect on output growth. Public investment's impact on economic growth was statistically identical to the impact of private capital spending. The contribution of public investment to output expansion came at the expense of private investment as indicating a significant crowding out effect.     

POPULATION AGING AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS*

We use the neoclassical growth framework to model international capital flows in a world with exogenous demographic change. We compare model implications and actual current account data and find that the model explains a small but significant fraction of capital flows between OECD countries, in particular after 1985.     

FOREIGN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

This paper examines the economic implications of institutional arrangements by which foreign investors are required to reinvest a certain percentage of their capital within the host country. Our analysis shows that foreign capital inflow can produce long-lasting economic benefits to the host country only when the foreign capital reinvestment rate is sufficiently greater than the host country's saving rate. In this case, the economy evolves into a unique steady state equilibrium, which is also asymptotically stable. The paper also presents several comparative static results regarding the responses of steady state capital-labour ratio and the proportion of foreign capital in total capital to changes in the population growth rate, the rate of capital depreciation, the host country's saving rate and the foreign capital reinvestment rate.     

PUBLIC EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY: A TWO-STAGE EDUCATION MODEL

We show in this paper that, depending on the initial distribution of material wealth and that of individuals' abilities, economies converge in the long run towards different proportions of the skilled workforce and different levels of average wealth. We also show that the growth process raises net economic mobility, the long-run proportion of the skilled population and the long-run levels of wealth held by both rich and poor dynasties. Unless the income tax rate is too high, the increase in total public funds is associated, in the long run, with higher net mobility, a larger fraction of the skilled workers and higher levels of wealth of all the dynasties. In addition, the reallocation of public expenditures from basic to advanced education can result in lower mobility, a lower long-run size of the skilled workforce, and a lower long-run level of wealth held by rich dynasties, if the transfer of resources comes at the expense of excessively lowering the quality of education at the basic schooling level.     

HUMAN CAPITAL DISTRIBUTION,GROWTH AND TRADE

Distribution differences in human capital matter for a country's growth and trade. While the existing literature considers only the diversity difference in talent distribution, we argue that the kurtosis difference is also an important factor. In a two‐sector equilibrium growth model, where the production function is supermodular for the consumption‐good sector and submodular for the R&D sector, we prove that the diversity effect and kurtosis effect are opposite to each other. A country endowed with more diverse but leptokurtic talent distribution may have lower growth rate and import submodular goods, opposite to the conventional result from considering only the diversity difference.     

收入差距与公共财政政策:人力资本投资差异的形成与演变

人力资本投资的需求受到经济个体的时间偏好、生产能力与预期收益率等因素的影响。同时,收入差距和公共财政政策都会影响到人力资本投资供给曲线的变动。这造成了不同个体之间在人力资本投资上的差异,产生了他们之间的人力资本差距和收入差距。我国现行的公共财政政策已经成为收入差距快速增长的重要原因。     

HUMAN CAPITAL: DETERIORATION AND NET INVESTMENT

The current practice in national accounting is to exclude from national product investment in schooling and on-the-job training, except for direct costs of schooling which are included in consumption. Foregone earnings, which form the major part of investment in human capital, go unrecorded.
Much is to be gained in consistency and analytical clarity by treating human capital like physical capital in national accounting. Estimating the amount of foregone earnings net of deterioration, that is, net investment, is a step in this direction.
Using the framework of the life-cycle hypothesis of earnings, and assuming declining-balance deterioration of human capital, estimates of deterioration rates in respect of American males by race and education level are computed for 1960. Every such d is, however, the minimum consistent with the respective costs and benefits profile. Hence an upper limit d is assumed. The model generates for each costs and benefits profile and in respect of either d , a year-by-year series of net investment in human capital. These are used to obtain two estimates (which turn out to be close to each other) of aggregate net investment in American white males in 1960. On the basis of these estimates, aggregate net investment in human capital is found to be about equal to net investment in physical assets (including consumers'durables).
It is also found that the Denison method of estimating the contribution of the increase in human capital to economic growth understates this contribution by a ratio approximately equal to net investment in on-the-job training to returns to human capital. This was about 16 percent in 1960.