The export oriented development strategy in Brazil

Intereconomics - Between 1968 and 1974 Brazilian exports increased at an annual average rate of 27%, coinciding with extremely high rates of the country’s economic growth. Interesting is...     

The Strategies and Characteristics of Exporting SMEs:

The behaviour of exporting firms is the result of the complex interaction of many factors of the external and internal environment both at the national and international level. This paper presents the main findings from an exploratory study which assessed the characteristics and marketing strategies of small- to medium-sized exporting firms in a developing country, Peru. Statistical analysis using non-parametric methods to measure the behaviour of these firms used criteria taken from studies of firms in mostly developed countries. The observations from the analysis indicate that characteristics such as size and management perceptions and commitment, and strategies related to market concentration in developed countries taking into consideration export sales volume as a measure of performance (dependant variable) were positively associated to the success of these Peruvian firms and added to their competitiveness.     

Release the constraints: Solving the problems of export financing in troublesome times

Export growth is seen by governments as being a key to economic recovery. In the United States, the Obama Administration pledged to double exports by the year 2015. To gain greater insights into exporting as an engine for growth, we look to export lenders to understand the contextual changes in export lending, as well as priorities in evaluating exporters. Findings from a study of export lenders on the lender referral list of the Export-Import Bank of the United States suggest that changes in the financial industry's structure over the last two decades, coupled with the economic recession, have motivated policy—at both the lending firm and governmental level—that hampers the ability of exporting to contribute to economic recovery. Further, the findings suggest that current lender policy encourages a focus on short-term returns rather than an exporter's long-term strategic position in the market. Lender preferences, in addition to governmental policies increasing regulation of the financial sector, place significant constraints on economic recovery. Thus, we call for key lender and governmental policy changes that could release industry constraints and unleash the export engine for economic recovery.     

Exporting the Open Skies Concept:

The International Air Transport Act of 1979 promulgated policy guidelines for Americans to achieve the liberalizing goals of unlimited multiple carrier traffic rights without operating restrictions, freedom of pricing, and the elimination of discriminatory or unfair competitive practices in international aviation. This article documents the successes and failures of the United States in exporting the Open Skies concept overseas and examines the marketing impact on American air carriers.     

The empirical link between export dispersion and export performance: A contingency-based approach

Practitioners and scholars point out that firms are increasingly dispersing their capabilities across organizational functions. However, it is not clear whether all forms of dispersion, of any function, result in the same consequences. This study initiates investigation into the link between the cross-functional dispersion of influence on export marketing decisions (export dispersion) and export performance. Drawing on data from a sample of 225 UK exporters, the findings support the argument that active participation of non-export functions in export-marketing decisions affects export success. However, those performance consequences are dependent on internal and external contingencies. Export dispersion is beneficial for export performance when the export customer environment is more turbulent and, simultaneously, the export technological environment is more stable and the firm has lower levels of export information sharing. In all other scenarios examined in this study, greater levels of concentration of export decision-making (i.e. lower levels of export dispersion) appear to be more beneficial for export performance. Our findings imply that the management of the firm’s level of export dispersion is a complex task, whereby the degree of export dispersion pursued needs to match external environmental and internal firm factors.     

The Determinants of Firm Exit from Exporting: Evidence for the UK

This study seeks to understand to what extent new exporters are able to survive in international markets and whether exit from exporting is more likely to be associated with firm-level heterogeneity or more general factors such as trade costs and/or barriers to entry and exit (such as sunk costs). This study presents the first analysis undertaken for a nationally representative group of UK firms on the determinants of exit from exporting, using panel data covering all market-based sectors of the UK during 1997–2003. Our findings suggest that the probability of a firm ceasing to export is directly influenced by its productivity and other attributes associated with firm-level productivity differences (such as size and foreign ownership). Micro-finance factors, such as profitability and the ability to finance through long-term debt, play an additional role. Lastly, sectoral differences (e.g. industrial concentration) also help explain the firm’s exit decision, whilst trade costs lead to a higher probability of exiting from selling internationally.     

Internal Determinants Affecting Interest in Exporting:

Research on the export behavior of the nonexporting firms has remained limited in developing nations. Therefore, there is little factual information about their export behavior. The objective of the present study is to find out, if there are any structural differences between Turkish nonexporters, which are exploring the feasibility of exporting, and those which are not interested in exporting at all. Findings show that there is a significant relation between company size, management's foreign language proficiency, international orientation, firm's competitive advantages, dependence on imports and desire to sell abroad. However, a significant relation is not found for other internal determinants such as manager's age, company goal, capacity use and technology intensiveness. These findings and implications are of interest to public policy makers, foreign investors and academicians interested in comparative studies.     

扩大对日出口营销战略研究

日本市场是一个商品经济高度发达、竞争异常激烈的市场,扩大对日出口 问题已引起各国的关注和重视,本文主要从５方面来论述扩大对日出口营销战略, 即加强对日市场的调研;抓好对日出口商品的研制与开发;加强管理、合理定价;建 立畅通的销售渠道;搞好促销工作。     

我国盆栽植物出口贸易现状及对策建议

利用海关统计数据—2017-2019年的我国盆栽植物的出口贸易数据,分析种用除外的兰花、菊花、百合、康乃馨及未列名活植物五类盆栽植物产品的出口量、出口额、出口贸易的目标市场及境内货源地,我国盆栽植物出口贸易现状及面临的主要问题,并提出相关建议:坚持市场多元化发展策略,优化市场结构;加强科学生产,促进产业转型升级;加快行业标准体系的构建,积极推行国际认证,避开绿色贸易壁垒;提高自主研发创新能力,加强知识产权保护;利用跨境电子商务,破解出口困境。     

出口退税政策走势管窥

随着入世,与出口有关的部门及企业纷纷对今后一段时期出口退税政策可能的变化进行诸多的猜测。加上去年秋交会期间有关部门对今后出口退税环节可能提前的想法进行过意见征询,更让有关部门及企业急不可捺地想知道新的出口退税政策倒底是模样。     

Segmenting U.S. firms for export development

In attempting to aid firms in their exporting efforts, various segmentation approaches have been developed by government agencies and research groups. Each of these segmentation schemes aims at the identification of specific export needs within different groups of firms. The four major approaches suggested in the literature propose to differentiate firms into groups based on the level of international activities, managerial attitudes, size, and service orientation of firms. The research presented in this article investigates these four segmentation approaches by applying them to common data collected from small and medium sized U.S. manufacturing firms and investigating their effectiveness in differentiating among groups of firms. The results indicate that the differentiation of firms according to their level of international activities is the most effective one of the four approaches investigated. Subsequently, various specific needs of exporting firms are presented and a redirection of current export promotion efforts is suggested.     

Exporting behavior of foreign affiliates: Theory and evidence

Firms have increasingly conducted different stages of production in different countries. In particular, they may set up operations in low-cost countries (those operations are referred to as foreign affiliates in those countries) either as platforms for export or serving the growing markets there. What is the exporting behavior of foreign affiliates? In this paper, using data from China, we find that among foreign affiliates exporters are less productive than non-exporters. We then offer a theoretical explanation by incorporating into the standard firm heterogeneity model the possibility that firms could have different stages of production in different countries.     

Friedrich list and his relevance for development policy

Economic independence and a New Economic Order were international political issues long before the North-South controversy was heard of. They were set out as objectives in the USA as early as the beginning of the 19th century. There are striking parallels, even in phraseology and argumentation, between the political-economic conflict between the USA, a weak ex-colonial state, and England, the world power of that time, and the North-South controversy going on at present.     

Internal problems of development aid

The unsolved internal problems of Germany’s development aid require an early reexamination of the objectives and the concept of development aid against the quickly shifting world-economic background. Numerous hitherto unsettled questions concerning technical aid and its implementation have to be answered soon and expertly.