Monetary Stimulus amidst the Infrastructure Investment Spree: Evidence from China's Loan-Level Data

We study how a fiscal expansion via infrastructure investment influences the dynamic impacts of monetary stimulus on credit allocation. We develop a two-stage approach and apply it to the Chinese economy with a confidential loan-level data set that covers all sectors. We find that infrastructure investment significantly weakened monetary policy's transmission to credit allocated to private firms, while reinforcing the monetary effects on loans to state-owned firms. This fiscal-monetary interaction channel is key to understanding the preferential credit access enjoyed by state-owned firms during the stimulus period. Consequently, monetary stimulus crowded out private investment and decreased capital allocation efficiency.     

中国转轨时期的货币非超中性和通货膨胀——兼论中国货币政策双重目标的体制根源

本文通过引入一个含有资本品生产不对称信息和消费品生产流动性约束的干中学世代交叠模型,证实了在干中学发展阶段和金融欠发达共同作用下,中国需要实行国家隐性担保和利率管制相配合的金融体制,并实行适应性货币政策,激励银行信用扩张,加速企业投资和经济增长。运用该模型能够较好地解释中国转轨时期正的货币非超中性和通货膨胀并存格局,并在此基础上剖析相应的兼顾经济增长和通货膨胀控制的货币政策双重目标体制根源。     

经济结构转型与“双支柱”调控框架

理解经济运行环境的变化才能更有针对性地制定和实施货币政策和宏观审慎政策。中国经济在2012年前后迈过工业化的高峰期,家庭部门发生从制造到服务的消费升级,企业部门出现从资本密集型向人力资本密集型的产业结构转型,中国的经济结构转型进程与高收入国家类似发展阶段的经历高度一致。经济结构转型过程中,传统资本密集型行业信贷需求大幅下降,新兴人力资本密集型行业信贷需求相对较低且在债务主导的金融服务体系中面临融资供给制约。由于市场内生的企业信贷供给和需求双双下降,总需求不足问题凸显。宏观经济稳定方面,宏观经济运行特征由此前的“易热难冷” 转向“易冷难热”,“债务—通缩”风险加大。这要求货币政策在执行中更加注重温和通胀目标,充分运用各种政策工具确保总需求和总供给的平衡。金融稳定方面,防范系统性风险的重点要与时俱进地调整。时间轴上要特别关注经济周期和金融周期下行叠加带来的系统性风险;空间轴上不仅要关注“大而不能倒”的系统重要性机构,还须加强“小广散”金融机构的稳定性,注重与其相关的风险传染。     

House prices, consumption, and monetary policy: a financial accelerator approach

We consider a general equilibrium model with frictions in credit markets used by households. In our economy, houses provide housing services to consumers and serve as collateral to lower borrowing cost. We show that this amplifies and propagates the effect of monetary policy shocks on housing investment, house prices and consumption. We also consider the effect of a structural change in credit markets that lowers the transaction costs of additional borrowing against housing equity. We show that such a change would increase the effect of monetary policy shocks on consumption, but would decrease the effect on house prices and housing investment.     

A statistical analysis of the impact of monetary policy on credit union lending

In this paper, a polynomial distributed lag regression model has been employed to determine the responsiveness of credit union consumer installment lending to changes in monetary policy. Estimation of the model leads to the following conclusions: (a) the model provides an adequate statistical representation of credit union reaction to monetary policy, (b) over time, credit union lending behavior has come to react more quickly to changes in monetary policy, and (c) over time, the degree, or strength, of response of lending behaviour to changes in monetary policy has weakend. The model is also applied to commercial bank consumer installment lending with similar results.     

Trust in,trust out: a real cost of sudden and significant financial loss

This study examines the loss of trust that occurs when individuals suffer from sudden and significant financial loss. We use a qualitative case study to show that individuals lose trust in a range of parties, including financial advisors, banks, credit providers, government and perhaps most damagingly of all, oneself. Such outcomes are concerning as all financial services are based on trust between various parties, and trust is important in making financial decisions. A lack of trust can lead to poorer individual and societal outcomes. It also suggests that trends to financial self‐sufficiency have risks, which impact well beyond monetary losses.     

Quantitative easing in an open economy—Not a liquidity but a reserve trap

Expansionary monetary policy is ineffective in a liquidity trap. In another case, which we call a “reserve trap,” money supply increase is trapped in bank reserves; there is no credit expansion through the banking system. In such case, quantitative easing (QE) will not boost credit to the real sector and revitalize the economy. To analyze a reserve trap, we modify the open economy model to include multiple interest rates. Trade is included since exports can be financed externally even during domestic credit constriction. We show the conditions under which QE can lead to currency depreciation and trigger an export-led recovery.     

银行异质性对货币政策信贷传导机制的影响研究

银行借贷渠道作为货币政策信贷传导机制中的一种,有力的传导了中国货币政策的宏观调控作用。但是由于资本规模、贷款结构、以及治理结构的不同,各个银行的货币政策信贷传导机制传导效率也存在差异。本文正是基于银行异质性特征,利用中国2004-2013年的相关数据,实证分析了银行异质性特征与中国货币政策传导效率间的关系。实证结果表明,银行的异质性特征造成了货币政策传导效率的差异化,货币政策对不同特质的银行贷款供给能力的影响存在差异性,并且不同特质银行传导货币政策的效率有差别。最后,本文针对上述实证结果提出相关建议。     

基于精算方法的信用风险的量化

比较了保险风险和信贷风险的基本特征后可以发现,精算模型的方法和思路可以用来描述商业银行的信用风险.可以通过定性分析和定量分析相结合的方式,推导出适用的信用风险量化管理模型.在数据整理和检验的基础上,借鉴寿险精算的生命模型思想可以建立"正常-损失"模型,进而实现对贷款损失率的解释;借鉴非寿险准备金测算的方法,可以采用链梯法测算商业银行短期贷款业务应提取的贷款坏账准备金数额.在上述方法的基础上,可以将"正常-损失"模型与链梯法结合起来,测算长期贷款的坏账准备金.     

中国个人消费信贷状况及风险防范研究

随着个人信用消费的不断扩大,消费信贷的比重不断提高,在整个市场个人信用制度不完善的情况下,个人信贷风险凸现,银行个人信贷中的不良资产率上升。本文从中国消费信贷的总量状况出发,对于银行消费信贷内部结构展开探讨,继而分析消费信贷的客户风险、制度风险及法律政策风险,并以此为基础提出了建立个人信用管理制度、充分利用客户信用分析法、逐步试点个人破产制度、建立银行内控体系及风险转嫁渠道以及完善个人消费信贷的相关法律保障等防范措施。     

基于精算方法的信用风险的量化

比较了保险风险和信贷风险的基本特征后可以发现，精算模型的方法和思路可以用来描述商业银行的信用风险。可以通过定性分析和定量分析相结合的方式，推导出适用的信用风险量化管理模型。在数据整理和检验的基础上，借鉴寿险精算的生命模型思想可以建立“正常-损失”模型，进而实现对贷款损失率的解释；借鉴非寿险准备金测算的方法，可以采用链梯法测算商业银行短期贷款业务应提取的贷款坏账准备金数额。在上述方法的基础上，可以将“正常-损失”模型与链梯法结合起来，测算长期贷款的坏账准备金。     

新型货币政策担保品框架的绿色效应

本文以2018年6月我国央行开始接受绿色信贷资产作为MLF合格担保品这一事件为准自然实验,运用双重差分模型分析我国新型货币政策的担保品扩容对绿色信贷企业融资的影响。研究结果表明:第一,将绿色信贷资产纳入央行合格担保品范围增加了绿色信贷企业的信贷可得性,并降低了绿色信贷企业的信贷成本;第二,企业的异质性分析表明,民营绿色信贷企业在融资可得性方面对政策反应更显著,国有绿色信贷企业在融资成本方面对政策反应更显著;第三,分行业的扩展性检验表明,央行合格担保品扩容政策对于环保行业的绿色信贷企业主要通过提高融资可得性发挥作用,而对于重污染行业的绿色信贷企业则主要作用于其信贷融资成本。基于以上实证结果,本文认为央行担保品扩容具有绿色效应,可综合运用央行担保品框架和借贷便利类货币政策工具,加强我国新型货币政策的定向调控功能。     

准备金率和资本充足率影响商业银行贷款规模的机制分析

货币银行传统理论认为:货币当局以准备金率控制贷款规模,以资本充足率控制贷款风险。本文从分析准备金与资本充足率对贷款规模的约束机制入手,引入银行资产负债表模型,证明银行贷款规模主要受资本充足率影响。研究结论是:准备金率对贷款规模的控制作用已经弱化,资本充足率对贷款规模的控制作用趋强。     

信贷配给理论与货币政策中介目标的选择

信贷配给理论研究不对称信息条件下自由竞争信贷市场运行机制,为货币政策变动影响实际经济的可能途径提供了比传统理论更为丰富的论证。信贷配给的客观存在限制了利率作为中介目标发挥的传导作用。中国经历着从非均衡信贷配给到均衡信贷配给的过程,信贷对货币政策的有效性会产生重要影响。因此,中国应采取组合的方式选择货币政策中介目标,以更有效地传导货币政策意图,更好地实现货币政策最终目标。     

Monetary policy and institutions before,during, and after the global financial crisis

This paper describes the changes that occurred in the conduct and instruments of monetary policy used by major central banks when the crisis hit; discusses the new tradeoffs and controversies engendered by those policy reactions; and speculates about additional likely future changes in monetary policy and institutions. Following a brief account of the evolution of monetary policymaking principles and institutions in the past, the paper deals with the controversial question of how and when to exit a period of large-scale monetary expansion. The paper documents the fact that, in spite of huge monetary injections and historically low interest rates, inflation in the US and in the Eurozone remained subdued, and reports that since the onset of the subprime crisis, there has been a dramatic deceleration in the growth of banking credit in the US. The paper also discusses the tradeoff between the lender-of-last-resort function of the central bank and moral hazard; the consequences of bailout uncertainty for central bank policy; and the particular problems faced by the ECB in the face of a major financial crisis.     

风险资产配置与货币政策规则——黏性价格均衡下的宏观资产配置模型初探

本文将一个基于动态新凯恩斯理论的连续时间黏性价格一般均衡模型与随机动态资产配置模型相结合,进而研究基于内生宏观经济动态和货币政策规则进行资产配置的问题。在最优配置策略下,投资者相对风险偏好随无风险名义利率的增大而单调减小,而随通胀率的变化呈“U”型,说明投资者在通胀偏离稳态幅度较大时配置风险资产的相对意愿较高。此外,本文也给出了使用该模型讨论投资者最大化跨期效用对经济反作用这一宏观审慎问题的方式。     

货币政策工具对银行信贷调控效果的量级差异——基于存款准备金率、利率的实证研究

我国货币政策主要通过信贷渠道进行传导,商业银行的信贷行为是货币政策传导的微观基础。本文通过分析山东省的稳健货币政策调控效应,认为商业银行通过信贷行为调整传导了调控政策,同时也引致了对冲调控策略行为。为分析不同货币政策工具调控约束力的量级差异,本文以银行信贷期限配置行为和房贷行为为例,将利率和存款准备金政策工具纳入向量自回归模型,利用脉冲响应分析不同货币政策调控工具对银行信贷行为的影响。     

高货币化、通货膨胀预期与通货膨胀

通货膨胀成为信用货币经济中循环往复的问题,货币是症结关键。通过建立包含货币缺口和收入差距的凯恩斯Phillips曲线理论模型,利用中国1979-2010年的数据实证得出:货币化通过两种途径作用于通货膨胀,一是通过扩大货币缺口、直接推动当期物价上升,二是高货币化导致了较高的通货膨胀预期,这种预期又推动了通货膨胀的自我实现。因此,在经济平稳发展情况下,货币化是一个金融发展程度指标,但在严重依赖货币扩张推动经济增长的情况下,货币化却可能是货币超发的指标,与通货膨胀存在着密切关系。     

新常态下中国货币政策的宏观经济效应研究 ——基于不同中介目标的实证检验

以中国2003-2020年的季度宏观经济数据为样本,通过构建时变系数向量自回归模型分析银行间同业拆借利率、M2、信贷规模、社会融资规模四项货币政策中介目标对实际产出、通货膨胀、房地产市场以及股票市场的动态影响效应.结果表明:同业拆借利率对产出的影响呈增强趋势,M2、信贷以及社会融资规模等数量型货币政策对产出的影响效应更显著;信贷与社会融资规模对通货膨胀的影响效应较显著;同业拆借利率对房地产市场的短期影响效应较大;M2、信贷与社会融资规模对房地产与股票市场的长期影响效应较大.     

Modelling credit in the transmission mechanism of the United Kingdom

Studies have focused heavily on money in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. In this article we explore the empirical importance of credit. The paper provides a framework in which to analyse the balance sheets of, and financial flows between, different sectors of the UK economy, and an econometric model of the interactions between non-financial firms, households and credit offered by banks and non-bank financial intermediaries. The paper also provides a dynamic structural model of bank and building society credit, money and decisions to consume and invest and then adds credit from non-bank financial intermediaries. Our bottom line is that credit is an important part of the transmission process of UK monetary policy.