波动率风险及风险价格——来自中国A股市场的证据

本文应用Fama-Macbeth估计方法,以1997年2月至2009年6月中国A股股票为样本,考察股票市场波动率风险及其风险价格的特征。研究表明:波动率风险是一个显著的横截面定价因子,其风险价格为负,该结论不受流动性及市场偏度因子、待检资产改变、波动率模型设定的影响;在资产定价模型中引入波动率风险因子有利于解释规模效应和账面市值比效应异象。波动率的风险因子可以涵盖部分宏观经济变量的定价信息,规模因子是波动率风险因子的代理变量。     

An International Asset Pricing Model with Time-Varying Hedging Risk

This paper employs a two-factor international equilibrium asset pricing model to examine the pricing relationships among the world's five largest equity markets. In addition to the traditional market factor premium, a hedging factor premium is included as the second factor to explain the relationship between risks and returns in the international stock markets. Moreover, a GARCH parameterization is adopted to characterize the general dynamics of the conditional second moments. The results suggest that the additional hedging risk premium is needed to explain rates of return on international equities. Furthermore, the restriction that the coefficient on the hedge-portfolio covariance is one smaller than the coefficient on the market-portfolio covariance can not be rejected. This suggests that the intertemporal asset pricing model proposed by Campbell (1993) can be used to explain the returns on the five largest stock market indices.     

The Information Transmission Effect and Asset Prices: Evidence from the China B-Share Discount

ABSTRACT

We construct a model based on market microstructure and examine the information transmission effect of equity prices in A-share and B-share markets in China. The data on foreign share discounts raise a question: How are asset prices determined if uninformed foreign traders obtain signals by observing public information? Our investigation on the measure of the information transmission effect presents a substantial segment of the cross-sectional variation in B-share discounts and finds that the information transmission effect plays a critical role in explaining how foreign share discounts become more contractive.     

Volatility Risk Premium,Risk Aversion,and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns

We test if innovations in investor risk aversion are a priced factor in the stock market. Using 25 portfolios sorted on book‐to‐market and size as test assets, our new factor together with the market factor explains 64% of the variation in average returns compared to 60% for the Fama‐French model. The new factor is generally significant with an estimated risk premium close to its time series mean also when industry portfolios and portfolios sorted on previous returns are augmented to the test assets.     

Default Risk, Asset Pricing, and Debt Control

The pricing and control of firms’ debt has become a majorissue since Merton’s (1974) seminal article. Yet Mertonas well as other recent theories presume that the asset valueof the firm is independent of the debt of the firm. However,when using debt finance, firms may have to pay a premium foran idiosyncratic default risk and may face debt constraints.We demonstrate that firm-specific debt constraints and endogenousrisk premia, based on collateralized borrowing, affect the assetvalue of the firm and, in turn, the collateral value of thefirm. In order to explore the interdependence of debt financeand asset pricing of firms, we endogenize default premia andborrowing constraints in a production-based asset pricing model.In this context then the dynamic decision problem of maximizingthe present value of the firm faces an additional constraintgiving rise to the debt-dependent firm value. We solve for theasset value of the firm with debt finance by the use of numericaldynamic programming. This allows us to solve the debt controlproblem and to compute sustainable debt as well as the firm’sdebt value.     

Capital Asset Pricing Model and Stochastic Volatility: A Case Study of India

The existing literature demonstrates that under a general equilibrium model, the performance of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) can be improved significantly by using conditional consumption and market return volatilities as factors. This article tests the validity of these factors explaining stock return differences using a less developed country (India) as a case study. While the earlier studies used panel data to test CAPM, we use portfolios sorted by size and book-to-market equity (BE/ME) ratio. We found that conditional volatility has a limited effect on firms with large capitalization but a significant impact on small-growth and small-value firms.     

Interest Rate Risk of European Financial Corporations

We investigate the interest rate exposure of large European financial corporations' equity returns. For the period from January 1982 to March 1995 we estimate multifactor index models to examine the sensitivity of equity returns to market index returns and domestic as well as global interest rate movements. In addition, we specify an APT‐model to test whether an exposure to interest rate movements is rewarded in the cross‐section of expected returns. In the four European markets both domestic and global interest rate shifts constitute driving forces of stock returns beyond the influence of the domestic market indices. However, the exposure to interest rate movements does not seem to be rewarded in the same fashion among the markets.     

Option Bounds and the Pricing of the Volatility Smile

This paper presents a new approach forthe estimation of the risk-neutral probability distribution impliedby observed option prices in the presence of a non-horizontalvolatility smile. This approach is based on theoretical considerationsderived from option pricing in incomplete markets. Instead ofa single distribution, a pair of risk-neutral distributions areestimated, that bracket the option prices defined by the volatilitybid/ask midpoint. These distributions define upper and lowerbounds on option prices that are consistent with the observableoption parameters and are the tightest ones possible, in thesense of minimizing the distance between the option upper andlower bounds. The application of the new approach to a sampleof observations on the S&P 500 option market showsthat the bounds produces are quite tight, and also that theirderivation is robust to the presence of violations of arbitragerelations in option quotes, which cause many other methods tofail.     

结构性衍生产品的定价和风险管理技术

准确可靠的定价能力不仅是银行增加资金业务收益、提高风险管理水平的重要前提,而且也是增强银行核心竞争力的技术保障。结构性衍生产品的定价过程通常由三部分构成:一是准确理解和描述产品的结构,二是选择适当的定价模型、市场数据和校准方法,三是选择最优的数值算法,定价过程最终都借助计算机程序来实现。定价的本质就是准确度量风险的价值,实现风险的对冲。最好的风险管理技术应该采用动态 Delta、Vega、Gamma 对冲。中国银行业在结构性衍生产品交易领域起步较晚,先引进外部定价软件,在此基础上逐步自主开发是实现定价能力和风险管理的现实选择。     

关于资产价格与货币政策问题的一些思考

在全球金融危机的大背景下,货币政策是否应该对资产价格膨胀作出反应引起关注。本文对相关理论进行了归纳,并从通货膨胀机理的角度对资产价格与货币政策的关系进行了探讨,提出了建立和完善更加关注资产价格的货币政策框架的建议。     

The Effects of Liberalisation on Market and Currency Risk in the European Union

This paper investigates the effects of liberalisation on the pricing of market and currency risk for a number of financial markets in the European Union (EU). An International Asset Pricing Model with a multivariate GARCH‐in‐Mean specification and time‐varying prices of risk is used for the four markets with the largest capitalisation in the EU. Only one price of market risk exists and international investors are rewarded for their exposure to currency risk. The evidence shows that all prices of risk are time‐varying and have been decreasing during the process of liberalisation. There is also evidence that markets react to period of uncertainty in the process toward the completion of liberalisation. In addition, the operation of the European Monetary System has generated lower covariances. As a consequence, total risk premia have declined in the last decade.     

管理者团队特征、金融资产配置与实体企业信用风险

基于实体企业信用风险视角,本文探讨金融资产配置效果,并考察管理者团队特征对金融资产配置效果的调节作用。研究发现,增加金融资产配置可减少实体企业信用风险,但长期看,金融资产的风险缓冲作用在逐渐减弱;管理者团队年龄越大、任期越长的企业,越倾向于增加金融资产配置,这有助于减少实体企业信用风险,而管理者团队学历对金融资产配置与信用风险之间的调节作用不明显。进一步研究发现董事长年龄越大、任期越长,管理者团队的年龄及任期对金融资产配置效果的影响越弱。本文研究拓展了实体企业配置金融资产的经济后果分析,对优化管理者团队结构、降低企业信用风险具有启示意义。     

资管2.0时代商业银行理财业务的转型与发展

2017年之后,中国进入强监管、去杠杆的金融新周期,金融周期和经济周期趋向同步演进。资管新规和细则是严监管政策的重要举措,其核心内容是打破刚兑、规范资金池、去除多层嵌套、约束杠杆比例,引导近30万亿元的银行理财净值化转型。通过统计分析发现,2018年年初至二季度,净值型产品发行速度加快,但非净值型理财占新发行产品比重不降反升。说明银行理财业务转型速度较慢,整改空间和挑战较大。未来,银行理财业务转型需兼顾客户端和投资端,采取两端发力、系统推进的策略选择。     

资管新规延期的原因及对策研究

资管新规的延期有利于处置存量资产,有助于减轻银行表内压力,有利于降低信用风险爆发概率,有利于平滑理财产品收益,也有助于实体经济应对疫情冲击。但是资管新规延期后,仍然面临着存量资产处置难、新产品发行接受度不高、机构转型动力不足等问题。为了避免资管新规一延再延,维护政策的严肃性、权威性,监管部门应提出退出路径、加强预期管理、明确奖惩措施、统一监管规则,并实行宽严相济、灵活有度的政策,保证资产管理行业转型真正落地生效。     

金融危机冲击下资产负债管理的再审视

始于2007年的国际金融危机暴露了商业银行过度使用杠杆的弊病和被广泛采用的资产负债管理理论与技术的缺陷。未来商业银行资产负债管理将会在改革中得以持续。对于我国商业银行来讲,由于内外部的原因,尚处于资产负债比例管理阶段,较西方商业银行仍存在很大差距。为逐步加强我国商业银行资产负债管理工作,一方面需要加快外部监管环境的完善,积极推进利率市场化改革和证券市场改革。另一方面,商业银行必须提高认识,健全资产负债管理业务组织体系,坚持并完善资产负债比例管理指标体系建设,不断推进业务和产品创新。     

VaR方法在资产管理风险控制中的实证研究

本文使用国际通行的VaR方法来研究证券投资公司资产组合管理的风险计量、分析和控制。建立了以VaR为主要风险控制指标的风险管理模型，并进行了相应的实证研究和探讨。目的是对证券投资公司的资产组合管理进行定量研究，为证券投资公司风险定量化管理提供理论和实证的支持和借鉴。     

Economic Risk Factors and Commercial Real Estate Returns

A great deal of research has focused on the links between stock and bond market returns and macroeconomic events such as fluctuations in interest rates, inflation rates, and industrial production. Although the comovements of real estate and other asset prices suggests that these same systematic risk factors are likely to be priced in real estate markets, no study has formally addressed this issue. This study identifies the growth rate in real per capita consumption, the real T-bill rate, the term structure of interest rates, and unexpected inflation as fundamental drivers or state variables that systematically affect real estate returns. The finding of a consistently significant risk premium on consumption has important ramifications for the vast literature that has examined the (risk-adjusted) performance of real estate, for it suggests that prior findings of significant abnormal returns (either positive or negative) that have ignored consumption are potentially biased by an omitted variables problem. The results also have important implications for dynamic asset allocation strategies that involve the predictability of real estate returns using economic data.     

基于资产均衡投放思路的利率及流动性风险管理研究

本文通过对商业银行资产均衡投放的实证研究,认为均衡投放下各期间段资产重新定价的规模与到期现金流相对稳定,有助于利率及流动性风险的管理。但是,在部分利率及期限结构过于极端的情况下,资产＂均衡投放＂理论将会失效。商业银行在实际运用＂均衡投放＂策略时应当先做＂有效性验证＂模拟验证。国内商业银行应当用前瞻性的视角来实施主动性的风险管理,以更加有把握地将风险损失控制到风险偏好以内。     

Asset Pricing and Welfare Analysis with Bounded Rational Investors

Motivated by the fact that investors have limited ability to process information, I model investors’ bounded rational behavior in processing information and investigate its implications for asset pricing. Investors can make mistakes in processing information and thus have inaccurate estimates of fundamentals. This process generates “bounded rational risk.” I find that the volatility of stock and bond return increases in the presence of bounded rational investors, which can help explain the excessive volatility puzzle. The stock‐bond return correlation becomes time varying and even negative and rational investors benefit from the trading with bounded rational investors.     

外资银行资产风险集中度监管比较研究及启示

资产风险集中度是各国外资银行审慎监管制度体系顺利运行的前提与基础，在对比各国银行法中有关外资银行资产集中度的监管规定基础上，应从以下几方面完善我国现有监管制度体系，一是根据法律地位的不同，在与母国签订双边监管合作协议的框架下，对外资银行子行、合资银行和分行提出不同的监管资本充足率要求；二是以全面风险管理流程为基础，增强现有监管制度的弹性和有效性；三是建立大额风险敞口定期报告及预警机制。