劳动力市场中歧视妇女的经济学分析

一、劳动力市场中的女性歧视现象劳动力市场中,当女性拥有与男性同等的能力、教育、培训和经历时,他们却在雇用、职业选择、提升和工资率等方面受到不公正待遇,这就出现了歧视。劳动力市场歧视可以分为：工资歧视、就业歧视、职业歧视、人力资本歧视。     

劳动力市场歧视成本分析

劳动力市场上存在着各种歧视,其中最为多见和敏感的是性别、各族和民族歧视。歧视的市场经济并非人们通常认为的样能够增加歧视者的收入,而是使歧视者和被歧视者同时蒙受损失,甚至歧视者为其偏好付出的成本更加高昂。     

解决劳动力市场歧视问题之对策

和谐的就业对构建和谐社会具有重要意义。但是,劳动力市场的就业歧视在某种程度上阻碍着构建和谐社会的进程。因此,应从减少歧视偏好,市场缺陷和人力资本开发中的发现入手,创造和谐的就业环境。     

城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化:农民工的就业与工资

本文利用中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所的中国城市劳动力调查,从就业进入、工资影响因素和工资歧视三个方面对2001年、2010年城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视的变化进行研究。对农民工和城市本地劳动力教育回报率的比较发现,农民工的教育回报率大幅提高,与相同学历的城市本地劳动力的教育回报率相似。农民工的工资决定机制与城市本地劳动力正在趋同。2010年农民工面临的就业隔离比2001年大幅下降,而且在各部门内部小时工资的歧视也大幅下降。然而,当农民工进入公有单位时依然受到较强歧视,就业隔离依然存在,因此,城市劳动力市场需要进一步健全,仍需规范公有单位的用工和招聘制度。     

劳动力市场歧视产生的新根源及其影响

地方保护主义的歧视性限制政策 ,严重影响了当地劳动力市场的供求关系 ,直接导致职业歧视和工资歧视的发生。因此 ,地方保护主义是我国劳动力市场歧视产生的新根源。这种劳动力市场歧视不但严重影响人才的自由流动 ,而且也容易引发对方的报复 ,最后自己的局部利益也会受损     

关于劳动力市场歧视的微观分析——基于河南省的数据

笔者通过对河南省劳动力市场调查数据的分析,发现我国劳动力市场歧视呈动态性变化并主要存在于职业搜寻领域,是企业在信息不对称条件下的理性选择,呈现均衡状态。因此偏见不是歧视产生的根源,缺乏科学的人员甄选手段才是造成歧视的根本。降低甄选成本以及增强劳动者的个体差异性和人力资本的专用性是控制歧视的有效方法。     

劳动力市场农民工制度性歧视形成过程初探

本文以代表性农民家庭为基本研究对象,结合模型分析,从农民工进入劳动力市场动机分析入手,从经济学角度剖析制度性歧视下企业雇主雇用决策机制的过程,然后从制度层面分析制度性歧视产生及存在的原因,就如何构建我国农民工劳动力市场公平合理的用工制度,为构建和谐社会提供科学的政策参考.     

社会劳动力歧视的成因及表现

歧视在劳动力市场上广泛存在劳动力市场上的歧视行为不仅对劳动力资源的优化配置有着重要的影响,而且直接影响广大劳动者劳动权利的实现。本文就此问题进行了分析。     

劳动市场歧视理论以及中国农民工问题

十八届三中全会《决定》第三部分"健全城乡发展一体化体制机制"中对城乡二元结构、农业人口的市民化等问题的下一步解决方式、相关体制机制的改革方向提出了明确的要求。贯彻十八届三中全会的改革精神,针对目前广受关注的"农民工"问题,从农民工问题存在的渊源、原因入手,结合着理论研究和模型构建,分析中国目前的农民工在劳动力市场上的歧视问题,并给与相应的政策建议。     

就业歧视问题分析

随着经济的发展和社会的进步,劳动力市场上的就业歧视问题层出不穷、愈演愈烈.本文就我国劳动力市场上就业歧视产生的原因,进行了具体的分析,结合我国具体的实际情况,提出对策建议.     

Sex Discrimination and Occupational Segregation in the Australian Labour Market*

This paper explores the implications of the difference between the occupational distribution for males and females in a joint model determining earnings and occupation. The male/female wage differential is evaluated for a number of broad occupational classifications. This is followed by an evaluation of the role and relative importance of inter-occupational and intra-occupational effects as contributors to the overall male/female wage differential The main conclusion following from the econometric results is that intra-occupational effects dominate Thus, policies which attempt to address the gender wage differential by re-allocation of labour across occupations are unlikely to solve the problem.     

The Labour Market and Inequality

Newspoll reported in 2000 that by a margin of 70 to 28 per cent, Australians would prefer the gap between rich and poor to get smaller rather than have the nation's overall wealth grow as quickly as possible. This article examines the reasons for the increase in the dispersion of earnings, and changes in unemployment and workforce participation, which are central to this concern about inequality. The major finding is that the widening dispersion of earnings and changes in labour force status are principally due to changes in the structure of labour demand in favour of more skilled jobs. The article then considers what this changing job mix implies for policy directed to maintaining income inequality.     

Displacement Effects of Active Labour Market Policy: The Youth Labour Market in Finland

In 1994 the number of workers participating in active labour market programmes in Finland was 299,000. On average there where 125,000 workers in these programmes at any one time, the average length of participation in a programme being about 5 months. In relation to the 2.5 million-strong Finnish labour force, these figures are proportionally large. In 1994 the total expenditure on unemployment amounted to 6.7 per cent of GNP of which the share spent on active labour market programmes was about 25 per cent. The study investigates the displacement effects of active labour market programmes in the youth labour market in Finland. The two age groups analysed are 15-19-year-olds and 20-24-year-olds. The results, based on a VAR analysis of quarterly data from the period 1981.1-1995.2, suggest that the displacement effects of job-creation programmes may be substantial. The study cannot, however, provide any robust estimates of the likely size of such displacement effects on youth employment in Finland. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

From Labour Market Institutions to an Alternative Model of Labour Markets

This post-disciplinary article goes beyond orthodox labour economics and combines insights from the ‘socio-economics of labour markets’ (SELM), and critical realism (CR), to develop a SELM^CR perspective, which is then used to create an alternative conception of labour market institutions and an alternative model of labour markets, i.e. the SELM^CR model.     

The Spanish Labour Market: Reforms and consequences

The institutional design of the Spanish labour market has been subjected, during the last three decades, to permanent pressure fuelled by two beliefs. On the one hand, by the assumption that a higher degree of flexibility would help to reduce unemployment; on the other, by the assumption that such increased flexibility would also help to reduce inflation rates and, consequently, the inflation gap between Spain and the rest of the European countries. The recent history of the Spanish labour market is, therefore, the history of the reforms implemented to increase the flexibility in such a market. The aim of this paper is, firstly, to describe the main features of these reforms, showing the measures implemented in order to increase the flexibility in the labour market and, secondly, to show the degree of flexibility reached in the labour market. Finally, we will briefly analyse the macroeconomic consequences of these reforms.     

提高农村劳动生产率的难点与对策

农村劳动生产率的低下 ,是我国农民贫穷、农村落后的根本原因。要提高农村劳动生产率 ,必须改变一家一户式的小农经济生产模式 ,进行农业的集约化、机械化大生产 ,土地的集中经营是必然的选择。由此必将带来了大批农民失去土地的问题。这是提高农村劳动生产率的最大困难所在。解决这一问题的根本出路是大力发展城镇经济 ,让大批农民为改善生活自觉改变身份 ,离开土地 ,成为第二、第三产业的从业人员。     

The Youth Labour Market in Australia*

This paper uses unit record data from the 1985 Australian Longitudinal Survey to review the major features of the youth labour market. It is shown that education plays an important role in determining the incidence of unemployment, wages, hours of work and access to training opportunities. Analyses of labour market dynamics indicates that the probability of leaving unemployment falls off substantially as the duration of the unemployment spell increases. A major conclusion of the paper is that the longer term unemployed appear to be segmented from other labour market participants. An implication of this finding is that there b very little which the longer term unemployed can do at the margin to influence their success other than adopt the most productive method of job search.     

消除劳动力歧视,推进农村剩余劳动力资源顺利转移

劳动力合理流动是劳动力资源充分利用、市场经济正常运转、农村剩余劳动力顺利转移的重要条件。当前 ,由于各种因素的影响 ,全国统一、开放、竞争、有序的劳动力市场还没有形成 ,劳动力歧视妨碍了农村剩余劳动力的转移和劳动力资源的合理利用。消除劳动力歧视 ,有利于促进劳动力合理流动和市场经济正常运行及二元经济结构转换