国有商业银行次级债券融资与资本结构——基于中国工商银行的案例分析

我国商业银行目前发行次级债券补充商业银行资本金,满足了次级债券供求双方的需要,具有一定市场基础。但我国次级债市场处于初级阶段,次级债的发行水平结构特征与国际银行业次级债市场有较大的差异,发行动机也主要局限于补充资本金方面。本文旨在通过中国工商银行来分析我国国有商业银行次级债券融资与资本结构的现状,为银行业如何更好地运用次级债券和次级债券市场的完善提出一些建议。     

我国商业银行发行次级债券补充资本问题研究

我国加入WT0以后，商业银行资本金不足的问题更加突出．引起有关方面的高度重视，提出了多种提高商业银行资本充足率的方案，允许商业银行发行次级债券补充资本金就是其中一种呼声很高方案。本文在对次级债券进行理论分析的基础上，借鉴国际经验，分析我国商业银行发行次级债券的必要性和可行性，并提出需要解决的几个问题。     

国际经验对我国商业银行发行次级债券的启示

所谓商业银行次级债券是指商业银行为补充资本金而发行的、本金与利息的清偿顺序列于商业银行的一般负债之后,先于商业银行股权资本的债券。根据巴塞尔协议,可以将不高于核心资本50%的次级债记入银行资本金,因此次级债在补充银行资本金中的作用越来越受重视,从国际银行业的发展     

加快构建次级债券的流通平台

发行次级债券是商业银行补充资本金的重要渠道之一。允许商业银行发行次级债券具有重要的现实意义，商业银行应积极介人次级债券的发行和流通市场。此外，应注重构建次级债券流通平台，完善次级债券市场流通体制，提高次级债券流动性。     

商业银行次级债新规:资本约束和市场约束双重功效

中国银监会于2009年10月21日向各大商业银行下发《关于完善商业银行资本补充机制的通知》,对次级债券的发行做了比较大的调整和修改。次级债券具有资本约束和市场约束双重功能,此次次级债改革不仅有利于次级债资本约束能力提高,同时也加强了其市场约束。如何进一步提高次级债券对商业银行的约束功能,可以从继续坚持次级债为资本金补充重要手段、大力发展次级债发行和交易市场、减轻政府对商业银行的隐性担保和扩大次级债的投资群体四个方面着手。     

商业银行次级债新规：资本约束和市场约束双重功效

中国银监会于2009年10月21日向各大商业银行下发《关于完善商业银行资本补充机制的通知》,对次级债券的发行做了比较大的调整和修改。次级债券具有资本约束和市场约束双重功能,此次次级债改革不仅有利于次级债资本约束能力提高,同时也加强了其市场约束。如何进一步提高次级债券对商业银行的约束功能,可以从继续坚持次级债为资本金补充重要手段、大力发展次级债发行和交易市场、减轻政府对商业银行的隐性担保和扩大次级债的投资群体四个方面着手。     

市场约束对商业银行次级债定价的影响分析

我国商业银行一直将发行次级债券作为补充资本金的有效途径。理论上,作为巴塞尔资本协议三大支柱之一的市场约束一直是影响次级债券定价的重要因素,文章通过实证分析发现,在我国传统四大商业银行股份制改造完成之前,这种约束作用并不明显。然而四大商业银行之中的三家成功上市,有效的扭转了这种市场约束失效的局面,次级债券的定价在市场的监督下趋于合理。     

发行混合资本债券的现实选择

鉴于我国商业银行目前面临的资本金不足以及补充渠道有限的现状,银监会鼓励商业银行积极创新资本补充工具。近期,人民币混合资本债券引起了广泛关注。虽然有质疑声,但是允许商业银行发行混合资本债券以补充资本金,不仅拓展了商业银行的资本补充渠道,还可以丰富市场投资品种,改善市场供求格局。     

商业银行次级债券发行：绩效、挑战与发展策略

次级债券因为具有资本金补充、硬化预算约束、改变负债结构和促进资本市场发展等诸多优势和功能而成为各商业银行争相推崇的金融工具，但其发行和流通依然受到诸多条件的制约并因此面对着诸多挑战，即便是在理论上也存在着准备不足。因此，改变次级债券发行和流通环境、健全信息披露机制、完善信用评级制度，甚至培养机构投资者等等是次级债券市场健康发展必经之路。     

《新资本协议》下运用次级债券改善我国商业银行资本管理

对于商业银行而言,发行次级债券是一种快速、高效、便捷的资本补充方式,也是一种主动、长期的负债来源。本文认为,在《新资本协议》的框架下,我国商业银行资本充足率的现状和发展趋势预示着次级债券的发行将呈上升的趋势。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.