The Manipulation of Voting Systems

In this paper we consider several ways in which voting systems can be manipulated and we pose some related ethical questions. Our focus is on the recent phenomenon of vote trading or vote swapping that was invented in 2000 and used in the 2000 and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections. Vote trading is an Internet-based technique that sought to allow Democrats in heavily Republican states (like Texas) to effectively vote in swing states (like Florida), where their votes would have more impact. We also look at some other new ways that voting systems can be manipulated and we consider the general question of whether there exist voting systems that cannot be manipulated. David Hartvigsen is a professor in the Management Department of the Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame. He has a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University and his research is in the areas of Operations Research, Optimization, and Algorithms.     

累积投票制的博弈性及其解决方法

累积投票制度因具备一个完整的博弈构成要件 (即 ,博弈方、策略空间和支付结构 ) ,具有博弈性。累积投票博弈性的特点有 :累积投票主要是非合作博弈、也可能是合作博弈 ,累积投票是静态博弈、有限策略博弈和非零和博弈。为了减少累积投票的博弈效果 ,鼓励合作博弈 ,可以采取立法手段、分类董事会、缩小董事会规模和购买表决权无效原则等方法。     

Innovative Power Generated by the Digital Economy

In recent years,with the vigorous demand of intelligence and information in all walks of life,the digital economy has become an important engine to promote the high-quality development of China’s economy.The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 brought a huge blow to the global economic market,and had a great impact on the development of global trade and consumer employment.     

试论开放经济中的政府职能

在加入世贸组织问题上，人们以往谈论较多的是各类产业如何应对挑战，并提出了不少的对策建议。但实际上“入世”对政府经济管理职能的挑战可能更大，而且较难在短时期内完全适应。从对WTO相关规则和主要条款的分析中不难发现，WTO在更大的程度上是“管”政府的，即制定出具有约束力的条款，由各成员国政府遵照执行，因此政府经济职能的转变就变得极为迫切。     

组织变革及其对内部控制的新挑战

随着组织理论的发展与组织变革的发生,内部控制必须突破其传统的科层控制与审计为主导的局限,将内部控制纳入社会系统的研究范畴,重新认识"人"在内部控制中担当的角色与作用,并构建以知识要素为载体,以持续学习能力提高为导向的控制模式,提升内部控制对环境反应的灵敏度。因此,对内部控制的核心内涵、目标导向、控制机制、体系结构进行重新审视并予以准确定位,是实现内部控制理论创新的前提与基础。     

Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: A Test of a Multi-Theoretical Model

In this paper determinants of information systems (IS) outsourcing are deduced from transaction cost economic theory, resource-based theory and power theory. They are summarized in a theoretical framework which is tested using a sample of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Germany. The results show that internal performance and know-how deficits vis-à-vis external service providers are key determinants that explain why different IS functions are outsourced to varying degrees in SMEs. Moreover, the determinants of IS functions were found to partially differ between IS functions. Revised reprint of an article from WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK 43(4)2001:339–350.

MIMO-OFDM系统载波间干扰的时域消除

由于载波间干扰（ICI）是影响正交频分复用（OFDM）系统性能的重要因素，一般消除ICI时作信道估计都采用辅助导频的方法，需要使用大量的离散导频，为此提出了一种对MIMO信道中ICI消除的时域均衡方法。该方法利用MIMO空时检测后的数据信息迭代回去，当作导频符号估计出时变信道的冲激响应，然后通过时域均衡消除ICI，而无需额外的导频，在改善系统误误码率的同时，提高了频谱的利用率。     

The Distribution Systems of Supermarket Chains by Alan C. McKinnon

This article considers the benefits supermarket chains may achieve from setting up their own distribution systems and attempts to explain differences in distribution strategies. These differences appear to be closely related to differences in the way chains have grown, management investment preferences and turnover composition, taken in conjunction with total sales, branch size and geographical extent of the business.     

Adoption and Implementation of Internal Marketing Systems by Ghanaian Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

This paper explores the concept of internal marketing (IM) as an internal supportive system that could provide the infrastructure for a strategic business take-off. It investigates how IM, as a concept, is understood and made practical in the context of Ghanaian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This qualitative research method was used due to the nature of the enquiry. The government of Ghana is constantly searching for more effective ways of assisting SME performance, through various strategic growth and development schemes. Despite the fact that much has been said in the literature, the IM concept remains elusive. Most SMEs are not aware of IM and demonstrate little understanding of the concept. And SMEs have problems with the implementation of IM. The manufacturing sector demonstrates more IM orientation than does the service sector. This paper unravels sociocultural factors that frustrate the practice of IM among Ghanaian SMEs and calls for a greater awareness of the concept by stakeholders. Suggestions include more general business support for SMEs to improve performance and subsequently grow. The paper finishes by drawing attention to management implications within the practice of IM.     

Dual Information Systems: Supporting Organizational Working and Learning by Making Organizational Memory Transparent

The conceptual design of most computer-based information systems reflects a dualism of technology. During the development phase, part of the work-domain-related knowledge is formalized and encoded in the software, making it difficult for users to reflect on and use this knowledge. This design--use dualism contributes to the deterioration of the interpretive flexibility of information systems. In this article, we outline an information systems architecture called Dual Information Systems (DIS) that incorporates the concepts of an organizational memory information system (OMIS) in a broader framework. DIS help bridge the design--use dualism by providing organizations with a set of services that enable and reinforce both effective, institutionalized working and the questioning and (re)construction of computer-supported work routines. DIS have a 4-layered conceptual structure: (a) people draw on the business layer to work and learn; (b) people use the breakdown layer to handle unexpected break-downs; (c) self-organizing project teams use the project layer to create innovative work and information system (re)designs; and (d) the knowledge sharing server acts as an OMIS by storing these redesigns and making them organizationally available to facilitate working and learning as well as subsequent redesign efforts. We outline the theoretical background, conceptual structure, and generic services of DIS. We elaborate on the services and the conceptual design of the business and breakdown layers of DIS. The services help people work effectively and develop competence needed to handle breakdowns and participate in the redesign project teams. The conceptual design extends the hyperknowledge framework of Chang et al [1]. Finally, we demonstrate the conceptual design and services in a financial services organization with the help of the ReDIS prototype.     

我国上市公司协议收购与要约收购制度比较：基于公平与效率的视角

本文旨在从公平与效率的角度对我国现行的上市公司并购交易制度作一比较和探讨.本文认为,我国上市公司股权结构的特殊性决定了协议收购是目前上市公司并购中具有效率性的制度安排,但这种交易制度在实践中难以保障并购交易的公平性;要约收购有利于改善并购交易的公平性,但现行的强制要约收购制度影响了并购交易效率.为提高上市公司并购交易制度的有效性,现行的并购交易制度亟待进一步完善,同时还需要其他资本市场制度改革的有效配合.     

Launching a High-Risk Business – An Interactive Simulation. Developed by High Performance Systems,Inc., based on the work of William A. Sahlman and Michael J. Roberts

Small Business Economics -