单一收入来源地管辖权制度问题探讨

国际税收问题和各个国家的税收管辖权的确立密切相关。当前国际税收管辖权原则主要有属地主义原则和属人主义原则两种，由此产生了国家税收的收入来源地管辖权、居民管辖权和公民管辖权等。多种管辖权的同时使用不符合国际税收的经济效益和公平，实行单一的收入来源地管辖权有利于国际经济交往，有利于国际经济的公平竞争，实行单一的收入来源地管辖权制度是国际经济发展的必然趋势。     

跨国个人的税收筹划

作为理性的经济人,拥有跨国所得的个人必然也有避税的意愿;而各国税收管辖权的不同规定,又为该纳税人的国际避税提供了空间。本文主要从税收管辖权的角度出发,分析了跨国个人转移国籍、避免居民纳税人身份以及最小化个人所得税等税收筹划方式,为其在跨国经济活动中有效地规避或者很好地利用各国税收管辖权提供方法建议。     

浅论有害税收竞争

有害税收竞争问题的提出是与不同税收管辖权之间税收竞争趋势日渐激烈直接相关的。贸易自由化和经济全球化的迅速发展,使经济活动日益突破国界,资源、资金、人员、技术、信息等要素的跨国流动日趋频繁。因此,经济活动的跨国界性和税收管辖权的传统地域限制的矛盾更加突出。它一方面促使各国原本差异很大的税收逐渐趋各规范和趋同,世界税制一体化进程加快;另一方面,税收作为吸引生产要素和影响基流动的重要因素,以降低税率或实施优惠为主旋律的税收竞争也成为各国维护自身利益的重要手段。在当今科技发展迅速,特别是通讯技术的日新月异和以互联网为依托的电子商务的迅猛发展的势态下,生产要素的国际流动更加便捷、迅速,经济活动方式日趋更新和多样化,特别是金融创新层出不穷,资本更具流动性和隐蔽性。因此,新的经济形势给各国税制带来了空间的压力和挑战,各国间的税收竞争将更加激烈。无疑,世界税制的规范和趋同就是各国税收竞争的直接结果。     

税收管辖权原则及其灵活运用

税收管辖权原则包括属地原则和属人原则。美国联邦税制改革总统顾问小组建议美国公司所得税的税收管辖权原则由属人原则转变为属地原则。本文认为,这种转变对我国的税收收入、我国企业的竞争力等影响不是很大,但是,从国际形势和中国当前的宏观经济特点来看,我国有必要对税收管辖权原则进行灵活调整。     

新税法消除重复征税及进一步优化

由于大多数国家同时实行居民税收管辖权和收入来源地税收管辖权．容易造成对跨国投资者的重复征税．实质上构成对跨国直接投资的税收歧视。目前．在国际税收理论与实践中普遍认可的做法是．承认来源地税收管辖权的优先地位。即由东道国先行征税后．由投资者母国在行使居民税收管辖权时．采取一定措施消除国际重复征税。     

电子商务税收问题探讨

电子商务对现行税制的挑战是：难以确认纳税义务人和征税对象，难以确定课税对象的性质；对税收征管带来了困难，对国家税收管辖权的概念带来冲击，国际上对电子商务征税问题的主张是：免税、遵循现行税制；开征新税，我国制订电子商务税收政策的思路和建议是：近期免税，长期应保持税收中性原则，以现行税制为基础的原则；制定加强电子商务的征管措施；加强国际税收合作；完善国际税收协定。     

欧盟税收管辖权的现状与趋势

欧盟有关税收问题的规定,约束了成员国的税收立法内容,并且已经超越成员国的独立税收管辖权,导致成员国税收管辖权部分转移,出现超越国家的税收管辖权现象。欧盟法律制度的主要目标之一就是消除统一市场的人为和制度障碍,促进共同市场内部的商品、劳动力、资本和服务流动。欧盟在处理与成员国之间的税收管辖权问题上已经取得了有益的进展,但是,税收管辖权由国家向国际组织行使的转变仍然任重道远。     

利用税收协定维护“走出去”企业权益

一、何谓税收协定 税收协定是指两个或两个以上的国家或地区,为了协调相互间的税收管辖权和税收权益分配关系,通过政府代表在谈判达成协议之后签订的国际条约。税收协定一般以政府的名义签署,也有个别协定以国家的名义达成协议。税收协定的产生在经济上源自于跨国间投资的产生和发展,在法律上是因为资本输出国和资本输入国对同一个纳税人的同一笔所得同时行使居民管辖权和来源地管辖权。如果两个国家都按照各自的国内法对同一个纳税人的同一笔所得征税,     

数字经济下税收与税源背离对全国统一大市场建设的影响及矫正

数字经济是继农业经济、工业经济之后的新型经济形态。通过分析2011—2019年我国各省份数字经济核心产业增加值与对应税收可以发现,我国区域税收与税源背离仍然存在。在数字经济背景下,税收与税源的背离通过侵蚀税收公平与效率原则和税收管辖权阻碍全国统一大市场的形成,基于此,应矫正税收与税源背离,以促进全国统一大市场的建设。     

电子商务环境中的国际税收管辖权冲突及其对策

电子商务的出现，在给国际商贸带来无限商机的同时，也给国际税收管辖权带来巨大挑战．尤其是收入来源地管辖权中长设机构的认定出现困难。美国从保护本国利益出发，提出收入来源地管辖权让位于居民管辖权的主张。我国作为一个发展中的国家，应坚持收入来源地管辖权和居民管辖权并重的原则．并加强电子商务环境下如何坚持这一原则的理论研究与实践探索。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…