评级促进小额信贷机构商业化

小额信贷是国际社会普遍认可的一种成功的扶贫方式和金融发展手段,在发展中,小额信贷机构(MFIs)的可持续发展越来越成为共识.如果小额信贷机构的经营收入难以覆盖其资金成本,机构很难存续,更不用说提供金融服务了.小额信贷机构的可持续发展已经成为全世界普遍关注的问题.     

创新草根金融

在金融改革不断推进的大背景下,小额信贷公司得到了跨越式的发展。中国小额信贷机构联席会会长、国家开发银行前副行长刘克崮存第五届中国小额信贷创新论坛上,将小额信贷冠名为“草根金融”。     

发展商业性小额信贷:机制与途径

提高农民收入、改善农民生活是中国最主要的民生问题,也是稳定脱贫攻坚成果的重要问题.解决问题的主要途径是通过金融投入来满足农民的资金需求、从而帮助其改善生产经营、实现脱贫致富.本文围绕农民资金需求问题,分析发展商业性小额信贷的机制与途径.研究提出,在现有阶段,小额信贷是支持"三农"发展的有效方式,而商业性小额信贷按照市场规则运行、能够实现可持续性.本文分析认为发展商业性小额信贷的作用机制主要包括政策激励机制、市场供给机制和小额信贷机构的商业运行机制.最后提出发展商业性小额信贷的途径主要是加强担保体系建设、发展农业保险、加强对农民的培训与教育、以及小额信贷机构完善管理机制和进行金融创新.     

农信社——中国农户小额信贷正规化路径选择

一、正规化--小额信贷发展的趋势选择 为什么小额信贷会向正规化转变?这与学术界正热烈讨论的"小额信贷可持续发展问题"有着相同的解释.从国际小额信贷走过的20多年发展历程来看,小额信贷大致经历了三个阶段:①早期的追求信贷项目的高还贷率阶段;②在实现第一阶段目标的同时,收取高利息以弥补借款成本实现机构运作可持续阶段;③小额信贷机构收取商业渠道资金实现盈利,达到金融持续性,进而逐渐实现正规化的阶段.目前,国际主流的观点认为,各种模式的小额信贷均应包括两个基本含义,一是为大量低收入(当然包括贫困在内)人口提供金融服务;二是保证小额信贷机构自身的生存与发展;二者缺一不可称为完善或规范的小额信贷.因此,可持续性已经成为判断小额信贷是否成功的重要标志,而正规化与可持续发展是密不可分的,可持续发展是目的,正规化是小额信贷可持续发展的重要保证.世界各地小额信贷项目的主流实践都表明,小额信贷机构要实现可持续操作,必须做到机构商业化(正规化),同时使对客户的存贷利差必须要达到使小额信贷经营能够覆盖其成本.     

小额信贷和有效银行监管的核心原则（一）

小额信贷是一项为低收入人群和小型、非正式企业提供有限金额借款的金融服务。越来越多的金融机构开始提供小额信贷服务,包括银行和非银行机构,该项业务也开始成为金融机构的核心业务或者多元化产品的一部分。正如有效银行监管的核心原则中建议的,吸收公众存款的非银行机构,应受到与其交易类型和规模相适应的监管。一般来说,小额信贷监管,无论是针对银行或是针对其它吸收存款类机构,都应该权衡小额信贷监管成本与小额信贷促进金融普惠之间的利弊。为帮助各国制定统一的小额信贷监管法规,巴塞尔银行监管委员会的小额金融工作组制订了核心原则指南,指导存款机构在许可范围内开展小额信贷业务。     

如何发挥小额信贷的政策效力

近年来,小额信贷机构已从金融体系的边缘融入主流,小额信贷模式也在不断改革以适应客户和市场的需求。越来越多的人认识到,通过金融制度创新,金融部门为低收入群体提供服务还是有盈利空间的。目前我国的小额信贷还处在初期发展阶段,市场需求巨大,供给不足,小额信贷机构整体水平不高,面临金融政策、管理能力等问题。     

中国P2P网络小额信贷运营模式研究——基于“拍拍贷”、“宜农贷”的案例分析

小额信贷是解决低收入阶层和中小企业资金难题的重要突破口,而传统小额信贷供给机构只能满足很小一部分的资金需求.P2P网络小额信贷利用互联网技术对小额信贷进行了创新式发展,解决了传统小额信贷供给机构的资金供不足的难题,不仅是一种新的民间金融模式,还是一种创新型公益模式.文章以中国P2P网络小额信贷的代表——“拍拍贷”和“宜农贷”为例,对现有的中国P2P网络小额信贷运营模式进行了探索研究,总结其中存在的问题,分析其原因,并提出相关建议,以期对中国P2P网络小额信贷实践起到一定的指导作用.     

浅谈外资小额信贷公司的监管问题

一、外资小额信贷公司的发展情况 小额信贷是指对低收入阶层和微型企业提供的金融服务.按照国际惯例,小额信贷可分为福利型和制度型两大类.福利型小额信贷是以社会发展目标或扶贫为宗旨,更注重项目对改善穷人经济和福利的影响,以孟加拉乡村银行为代表.制度型小额信贷主张走商业化道路,用金融负盈亏率和资产回报率等财务指标来衡量小额信贷机构是否成功,以玻利维亚的阳光银行为代表.     

小额信贷正规化演变

20世纪70年代产生于孟加拉国的小额信贷(microfinance)已经成为国际社会普遍认可的一种成功的扶贫方式,其作为关注中低收入群体发展的信贷手段,正从扶贫领域逐渐转向金融服务领域,而且,其所蕴涵的金融功能也越来越引起人们的重视。小额信贷与正规金融的融合程度不断提高正在成为国际小额信贷发展的新趋势。中国的小额信贷实践始于20世纪90年代初期,其对中国扶贫事业所发挥的积极作用是毋庸置疑的。但是,小额信贷作为“有效信贷手段”的功能却并未有效发挥,项目式的运作方式在很大程度上限制了其可持续目标的实现,机构地位非合法性也阻碍了其发展。1999年,农村信用社领域试点并于2002年大力推广农户小额信用贷款业务,这在客观上促进了小额信贷与正规金融的融合。2005年5月,中国人民银行又进一步开始在农村金融领域内探讨“只贷不存”小额信贷机构的试点。在正规金融框架内引入新的机构开展小额信贷业务,可以看作中国小额信贷发展历程的一个转折点,也是中国小额信贷历经十年磨砺后出现的发展新契机。小额信贷与农村金融发展问题再次引起各界关注。本期农村金融文章试图从全球视角考察小额信贷的国际最新发展,展示小额信贷正规化的路径,对正规化的小额信贷绩效提供一些经验研究证据,以期从中总结出一些重要结论及对我国的启示。     

小额信贷在我国扶贫实践中的问题及对策

一、小额信贷的实质 "小额信贷"的概念源于孟加拉国的乡村银行.在具体业务操作上采取创新的组织形式与扶贫项目有机地结合,其本质是金融创新.就我国的现状来说,在现有政府主导型小额信贷管理体制下,充分发挥非政府组织的比较优势,在完善专业性小额信贷管理体系的同时,将非专业性的小额信贷从其若干功能中分离出来,建立小额信贷专职机构.继而建立一个小额信贷市场,允许不同组织进入,通过与正规金融机构以及他们之间的有序竞争,然后将在竞争中取胜的小额信贷机构转化为"扶贫银行",弥补农村金融市场的"真空",以此促进中国农村金融市场的全面发展.     

升值之言该如何听

自今年6月中国暗示将松动人民币汇率以来,人民币升值幅度仅为0．4％,这大大低于华盛顿的期待,因此,中美两国的关系日益紧张起来。随着失业率的膨胀,以及选举年即将到来,美国国会再一次将人民币汇率摆上了议事日程：9月6日,华盛顿两位高官为缓和中美关系前往北京,就人民币及其他重要问题进行高峰会晤,以期达成共识。     

商业银行如何应对利率市场化

最近,中国央行的利率政策传达出利率市场化步伐骤然加快的信号,沉浸在央行利率管制环境下的国内商业银行突然感到"利基"竞争的性质发生了重要变化。那么.在利率市场化环境下商业银行应采取怎样的风险偏好,才能使贷款定价覆盖风险溢价?这是银行管理者必须回答的问题。     

When to ally & when to acquire

Acquisitions and alliances are two pillars of growth strategy. But most businesses don't treat the two as alternative mechanisms for attaining goals. Consequently, companies take over firms they should have collaborated with, and vice versa, and make a mess of both acquisitions and alliances. It's easy to see why companies don't weigh the relative merits and demerits of acquisitions and alliances before choosing horses for courses. The two strategies differ in many ways: Acquisition deals are competitive, based on market prices, and risky; alliances are cooperative, negotiated, and not so risky. Companies habitually deploy acquisitions to increase scale or cut costs and use partnerships to enter new markets, customer segments, and regions. Moreover, a company's initial experiences often turn into blinders. If the firm pulls off an alliance or two, it tends to enter into alliances even when circumstances demand acquisitions. Organizational barriers also stand in the way. In many companies, an M&A group, which reports to the finance head, handles acquisitions, while a separate business development unit looks after alliances. The two teams work out of different locations, jealously guard turf, and, in effect, prevent companies from comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the strategies. But companies could improve their results, the authors argue, if they compared the two strategies to determine which is best suited to the situation at hand. Firms such as Cisco that use acquisitions and alliances appropriately grow faster than rivals do. The authors provide a framework to help organizations systematically decide between acquisition and alliance by analyzing three sets of factors: the resources and synergies they desire, the marketplace they compete in, and their competencies at collaborating.     

How to Tie Equity Compensation to Long-Term Results

Companies, investors, and regulators around the world are now seeking to tie executives' payoffs to long-term results and avoid rewarding executives for short-term gains. Focusing on equity-based compensation, the primary component of top executives' pay, the authors analyze how such compensation should best be structured to provide executives with incentives to focus on long-term value creation.
To improve the link between equity compensation and long-term results, the authors recommend that executives be prevented from unwinding their equity incentives for a significant time period after vesting. At the same time, however, the authors suggest that it would be counterproductive to require that executives hold their equity incentives until retirement, as some have proposed. Instead, the authors recommend that companies adopt a combination of "grant-based" and "aggregate" limitations on the unwinding of equity incentives.
Grant-based limitations would allow executives to unwind the equity incentives associated with a particular grant only gradually after vesting, according to a fixed, pre-specified schedule put in place at the time of the grant. Aggregate limitations on unwinding would prevent an executive from unloading more than a specified fraction of the executive's freely disposable equity incentives in any given year.
Finally, the authors emphasize the need for effective limitations on executives' use of hedging and derivative transactions that would weaken the connection between executive payoffs and long-term stock values that a well-designed equity arrangement should produce.     

NYSE execution quality subsequent to migration to hybrid

In October 2006, the NYSE began rolling-out phase three of a four-phase plan initiate its new Hybrid trading mechanism. The results show that this new trading platform introduced a much larger proportion of electronic transactions relative to floor auction transactions. This migration to electronic transactions is further evidenced by a mirror shift in price discovery from floor trades to trades marked for automatic electronic execution. In addition, the move to Hybrid trading introduced a significant decrease in inventory control costs, as well as a noticeable increase in trade persistence. Finally, the new trading platform has increased the speed with which orders are met, and has also decreased the proportion of executed shares which receive price improvement.

How to stop the race to the bottom

Standard tax multipliers are a widespread feature of fiscal equalization systems. A simple theoretical model shows that actual tax multipliers respond positively to changes in standard tax multipliers. This theoretical prediction is tested empirically using data on municipalities in Germany. A quasi-experiment in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia is exploited to identify the incentive effect. The empirical results confirm that local business tax policy is shaped by standard tax multipliers. They provide a straightforward practical tool to avoid a race to the bottom in local business tax rates.