Software Provision and the Impact of Market Integration

Both deeper market integration and advances in digital technology have driven particularly large decreases in the costs of intermarket software provision. This study first explains the mechanism of how trade costs influence the software provision decisions of software firms. Then the transformation of production/trade patterns is investigated given gradually decreasing trade costs for software products. It is shown that if two incompatible types of hardware exist, deeper market integration may reduce the variety of hardware technologies. It is also shown that, if the variety of hardware technologies is reduced by deeper integration, some consumers are made worse off.     

The effects of one-way compatibility on technology adoption in systems markets

This paper analyzes the effects of one-way compatibility on technology adoption in a market that is characterized by a free-entry condition on the software side. We show that hardware-backward compatibility increases a new-generation hardware firm’s profit; the effects of software-backward compatibility on the hardware firm’s profits depend on the distribution of consumer types.     

论大学校园文化建设

优秀的校园文化是创建一流大学的必要条件,一流的大学必有一流的校园文化。大学的校园文化建设要从软硬件两个方面着手,软件方面主要指学校的传统等;硬件方面包括校园的建筑设计、校园景观和美化绿化等物化形态的东西。     

Innovation Policy in Search of an Economic Foundation: The Case of Research Partnerships in the United States

US- owned firms account for more than 60% of worldwide computer software sales, and US capability in software tachnology is widely viewed as well ahead of that in other countries. However, the US lead cannot be expected to last. Nor are policies yet in place intended to protect exisitng advantages. Japanese firms have demonstrated their capabilities in hardware. Japanese firms have demonstrated their capabilities in hardware. Japanses exxecutives know they must develop better software in order (1) to use their own computer systems to best advantge, and (2) to sell more hardware in export markets. The next several devades will see a gradual slippage in the US position, particularly as foreign software suppliers move away from custom programming an realted services, their present focuse. A narrowing gap between US and foreign industries could prefigure a competitive challenge in software, development not unlike earlier challenges in microelectronics. Better software,. in addition, will have impacts elsewhere.In Japan's case, for example, improvements in softwarte should lead to productivity enhancements throughout the economy, improving Japan's ability to tmpete internationally.     

社区居家养老的社会协同机制探讨*

社区居家养老是对我国传统家庭养老模式的创新和发展,是新形势下中国老年家庭在市场经济条件下的抉择,符合我国现阶段的国情和众多老年家庭的实际情况。然而,我国社区居家养老的进一步发展还存在着社会服务体系缺失、老年人社会交往渠道缺失和养老专业硬件设施缺失等方面的问题。除了完善相关养老硬件设施外,需要我们通过做好社区与专业机构的对接,包括构建全社会的“敬老储存”机制、利用互联网链接各方资源,以及为老年人营造发挥“老有所为”的氛围等,来进一步促进社区居家养老模式的完善与发展。     

Cutting-sdge technologies computer software: strategic industry

US- owned firms account for more than 60% of worldwide computer software sales, and US capability in software tachnology is widely viewed as well ahead of that in other countries. However, the US lead cannot be expected to last. Nor are policies yet in place intended to protect exisitng advantages. Japanese firms have demonstrated their capabilities in hardware. Japanese firms have demonstrated their capabilities in hardware. Japanses exxecutives know they must develop better software in order (1) to use their own computer systems to best advantge, and (2) to sell more hardware in export markets. The next several devades will see a gradual slippage in the US position, particularly as foreign software suppliers move away from custom programming an realted services, their present focuse. A narrowing gap between US and foreign industries could prefigure a competitive challenge in software, development not unlike earlier challenges in microelectronics. Better software,. in addition, will have impacts elsewhere.In Japan's case, for example, improvements in softwarte should lead to productivity enhancements throughout the economy, improving Japan's ability to tmpete internationally.     

Diffusion of a new product under network effects: the US DVD market

We formulate a model that captures the inter-dependence between hardware demand and software supply – indirect network effect – in the DVD industry. The identification of the network effect comes from the difference in software availability across two different formats: VHS and DVD. We find that a 1% increase in the number of DVD titles raises the demand for DVD players by 0.87%. Simultaneously, a 1% increase in video player ownership leads to a 0.14% increase in the variety of video titles. Our simulations show that hardware manufacturers might be able to internalize the network externality to increase total industry revenues.     

科学研究事业的产业关联效应研究——以江苏省数据为例

科学研究事业具有明显的劳动密集性和知识密集性特征,已经从基本硬件建设阶段发展到精密硬件与软件共同发展阶段,由中间产品型产业发展成为中间产品型基础产业。科学研究事业对制造业和服务业的依赖性都较强,制造业和服务业对科学研究事业的依赖性也较强。科学研究事业后向产业链在延长,后向完全联系效应有上升趋势;前向产业链也在延长,前向完全联系效应也有上升趋势。科学研究事业的基础产业地位在上升,而拉动型产业地位在下降。     

关于旅游开发与城市建设一体化初探

旅游开发与城市建设一体化,就是要从城市社会经济整体发展的高度考虑旅游发展的要求,把旅游作为现代城市的一项基本职能,把旅游开发溶于城市整体建设之中。在硬件建设上,要求将旅游意识融入城市景观与市政建设之中,努力营造城市环境,实现旅游开发与城市硬件建设的一体化;在软件配套上,要致力于培育城市文化,造就一个社会安定、经济规范、市民文明的旅游发展大环境,实现旅游开发与城市精神文明建设的一体化     

经济学视阈下中国农村居民文化消费需求探析

随着中国农村居民纯收入的不断增加,农村居民用于文化方面的绝对支出不断提高,但存在增长缓慢等问题。究其原因,主要包括农村居民收入水平低、收入差距大、社会保障制度不健全、文化"硬件"落后",软件"缺乏、文化供给少、价格高、质量低、文化消费能力不高、文化消费观念落后等。今后,要通过增加农村居民收入、缩小农村居民收入差距、健全农村社会保障制度,改善农村文化"硬件"和"软件",增加文化供给,降低文化产品及服务价格,提高文化消费能力,转变农村居民文化消费观念等方式,促进农村居民文化消费的提高。     

绵阳市健身俱乐部经营的现状及发展对策研究

本文主要从健身俱乐部的软硬件设施、会员情况、价格定位及开设项目等问题进行调查研究，分析出制约绵阳市健身俱乐部良性发晨的主要因素，并提出相应的发展对策。     

Components of technology for resources transformation

Ordinarily technology is considered as something physical. Only rarely is it understood as a transformer of resources—not just the physical tools and facilities (hardware). In addition to the hardware, transformation of resources for economic growth requires human skills, accumulated knowledge, and institutional arrangements. This paper presents a framework of the four basic components of technology for resources transformation, namely: 1) Technoware (object embodied technology); 2) Humanware (person embodied technology); 3) Inforware (document embodied technology); 4) Orgaware (institution embodied technology). Further, a generalized classification of the four components of technology in terms of increasing levels of sophistication has been discussed. Using this framework, implications for choices of technology and substitutability of the four components are examined. Moreover, the need to assess the phases of the technology life chain for each of the components has also been highlighted.     

The economic contribution of the “C” in ICT: Evidence from OECD countries

Numerous studies have documented the contribution of ICT to growth. Less has been done on the contribution of communications technology, the “C” in ICT. We construct an international dataset of fourteen OECD countries and present contributions to growth for each ICT asset (IT hardware, CT equipment and software) using alternative ICT deflators. Using each country’s deflator we find that the contribution of CT capital deepening to productivity growth is lower in the EU than the US. Thus we ask: is that lower contribution due to a lower rate of CT investment or differing sources and methods for measurement of price change? We find that: (a) there are still considerable disparities in measures of ICT price change across countries; (b) in terms of growth-accounting, price harmonisation has a greater impact on the measured contributions of IT hardware and software in the EU relative to the US, than that of CT equipment; over 1996–2013, harmonising investment prices explains just 15% of the gap in the EU CT contribution relative to the US, compared to 25% for IT hardware; (c) over 1996–2013, CT capital deepening accounted for 0.11% pa (6% as a share) of labour productivity growth (LPG) in the US, compared to 0.03% pa (2.5% of LPG) in the EU-13 when using national accounts deflators; and (d) using OECD harmonised deflators, the figure for the EU-13 is raised to 0.04% pa (4% of LPG).     

Game and Simulation Experiments

When students become buyers, sellers and producers their learning of economics is accelerated. The inventor of a simulation exercise illustrates this point and comments on the need to keep the computer “hardware” from overwhelming the process of instruction.     

论服务型政府在构建信息化农业供应链中的管理与服务职能

实施与发展信息化农业供应链,须以信息为纲绳,以供需关系为纽带,将农村分散的个体生产经营活动组织起来,实现农业生产要素和资源的集约化投入与市场化配置,并形成分工合作的"一体化"生产经营体系,为发展具有中国特色的现代农业提供途径.服务型政府对于信息化农业供应链,具有重要的管理职能与服务职能.在社会主义发展的初期阶段,信息化农业供应链的形成与发展,必须依靠政府提供的软硬件环境予以扶植、支撑与保障.     

Perestroika and parallelism: advanced information technology and the soviet union

This paper begins by examining the history of Soviet computer hardware and software development, in part seeking the roots of the persistent Soviet lag behind the West. Then some impressions of the current situation are given, based around visits to a leading Soviet research establishment, the Institute for Space Research. At that Institute and others. parallel architectures are being used to gain reasonable computing power from what is by contemporary Western standards mediocre hardware. Impressive expertise, particularly in software development, is to be found, but it is still operating under constraints, such as difficult access to Western technology and technologists. In the last section of the paper it is argued that it is now in the interests of both East and West to ease that access. Improving and diffusing Soviet information technology is a key goal of the process of perestroika (restructuring). Cooperation with, rather than hostility to, Soviet efforts in information technology now makes sense for the West, especially Europe, because of the possibilities for mutually beneficial trade and also because we should wish perestroika to succeed.     

欧盟嵌入式智能系统联合开发的知识产权政策评鉴

在工业化与信息化融合的不断推进中,以信息技术为核心的计算机软硬件飞速发展引发信息产业的飞跃,其中嵌入式智能系统(包括软件和硬件)的产业化将成为实现工业化与信息化融合的重要纽带和突破口。欧盟通过建立"联合创新平台"来推动嵌入式智能系统开发和应用,并对联合创新成果的归属、许可、保护、传播、分配、转让制定专门的知识产权政策,确保项目推进。欧盟的知识产权政策将为我国在新型信息技术领域知识产权战略的确立、知识产权管理机制的创新和知识产权法律制度的完善提供借鉴意义。     

Identifying and forecasting the reverse salient in video game consoles: A performance gap ratio comparative analysis

This study uses the reverse salient methodology to contrast subsystems in video game consoles in order to discover, characterize, and forecast the most significant technology gap. We build on the current methodologies (Performance Gap and Time Gap) for measuring the magnitude of Reverse Salience, by showing the effectiveness of Performance Gap Ratio (PGR). The three subject subsystems in this analysis are the CPU Score, GPU core frequency, and video memory bandwidth. CPU Score is a metric developed for this project, which is the product of the core frequency, number of parallel cores, and instruction size. We measure the Performance Gap of each subsystem against concurrently available PC hardware on the market. Using PGR, we normalize the evolution of these technologies for comparative analysis. The results indicate that while CPU performance has historically been the Reverse Salient, video memory bandwidth has taken over as the quickest growing technology gap in the current generation. Finally, we create a technology forecasting model that shows how much the video RAM bandwidth gap will grow through 2019 should the current trend continue. This analysis can assist console developers in assigning resources to the next generation of platforms, which will ultimately result in longer hardware life cycles.     

基于因子分析的河北省区域经济竞争力评价研究

以河北省11个市的经济为研究对象,对河北省2006-2008年的竞争力分析结果进行对比分析发现：河北省区域经济发展不平衡,应加大对落后地区科技、教育领域的投入,同时进一步改善经济环境和硬件设施条件,从而缩小差距,实现区域经济的均衡快速发展。     

论我国饭店的等级划分与价格管理

在现实市场中,为了方便对酒店进行监督和管理,也为了不同层次消费者的需要,政府往往根据不同的硬件设施标准和软件服务水平对酒店进行等级划分;同时,由于我国旅游市场的外部性因素,政府又根据相应的标准对其进行一定的价格管制, 实行限价,藉此保护消费者,但是这会对消费者和经营者产生影响。