浅论地下经济活动的效率甄别

“地下经济”通常被称为非正式经济活动,如果从制度经济学的角度来解释地下经济,那么,它并不是一种完全消极的经济活动。如何厘清地下经济的积极方面和消极方面呢？本为此将地下经济分为三种类型：抗争型、投机型和中型地下经济活动。其中抗争型地下经济活动是对政府不合理规制的抗争,是效率顽强生存的重要手段,而投机型地下经济活动则是利用规制缺口获取非法利益的手段。所以并非所有的地下经济都必然会破坏效率,政府打击的对象应是投机型地下经济,对地下经济进行分类有助于政府洞察政策的得失。     

经济活动外部性效应的有效利用--媒体插播广告现象的经济学启示

媒体在提供信息服务时插播广告是一种司空见惯的现象，但其中包含了一种有理论价位的经济思想：某些经济活动的外部性通过一定的调整是可以给整个经济带来正面效应的，在发展经济过程中，应当充分利用某些经济活动的外部性。     

The Financial Sector and Economic Growth*

The Mankiw–Romer–Weil (1992) augmented Solow–Swan ( Solow 1956 ; Swan 1956 ) model is extended to incorporate the financial sector in this study. Distinguishing between financial capital, physical capital and human capital, the research attempts to identify, in particular, the effects of financial capital on economic growth. The effects of financial sector efficiency on economic growth are also examined. The financial sector augmented model is tested on a cross‐section of 35 economies. Strong support is found for the model.     

The Semi-Strong Efficiency of the Australian Share Market*

This paper tests the weak and semi-strong forms of the Efficient-Markets Hypothesis (EMH) using data on the Australian skate market in the 1980s. The tests are based on aggregate share price indexes and the semi-strong efficiency tests use macroeconomic data The weak-form tests examine the autocorrelation structure of share returns and test for unit roots in share prices. The data are found to be consistent with the EMH.     

The Political Economy of India's Economic Reforms*

This paper analyzes the history of the relationship between the state and the private sector in India. It concludes that India's economic reforms, which made development policy more dependent on international trade and private initiative, depended on the evolution of technocratic and political conviction. Reformers needed the support of financial crises for overcoming the powerful vested interests opposed to reforms. Successful reforms involved largely homegrown strategies of policy and institutional change. They have produced impressive growth rates and have benefited the rich and the middle class. The challenge for development and sustainable reforms is to make it more inclusive for poor farmers and unorganized workers.     

The Enforcement of Income Tax Laws: Efficiency Implications*

Complete enforcement of income tax laws, designed to reduce income tax evasion to zero, is shown to be inefficient. Starting from a 'full compliance' policy, it is shown that a marginal reduction in enforcement will always allow for tax reductions, hence increases in the ex-ante utility levels of taxpayers. Only if the tax structure is rigid can full compliance be optimal.     

The Economic Effects of Public Housing in Australia*

Public housing provides subsidized shelter to approximately 300 000 families in Australia. This paper provides the first estimates of the effects of the program on die consumption pattern of participants, and of the benefits they derive from U. It also examines the distribution of benefits among participants. The effects of the public housing programs are compared with those under an alternative program of equivalent-value, unrestricted cash grants.     

The Economic Determinants of Private Schooling in Australia*

The demand for private schooling is particularly dependent on the relationship between fees charged and services provided. This relationship in turn depends upon the extent of government funding of private schools, the level of teachers' salaries and the value of contributed services. This paper documents movements in these and other variables and examines the extent to which they explain the shift of enrolments to private schools.     

The Efficiency of the Market for Bank Accepted Bills*

The speculative efficiency of the Sydney Futures Exchange's market in bank accepted bills is examined by considering if the futures price is an unbiased predictor of the subsequent spot price and if other publicly available information can improve on this predictor. Data spanning the period 1980(1) to 1986(5) are employed The results are adverse to the efficiency hypothesis in that the futures price in some cases is not an unbiased predictor and neither is it an optimal predictor.     

The Role of Trade and International Economic Policy in Indian Economic Performance*

India's economic policies have undergone major reforms since the early 1990s. Before that, government regulation and control of economic activity was pervasive, and the trade sector did very poorly. One consequence was that imports were highly restricted and their scarcity was itself a major constraint on growth. After the crisis of the early1990s, trade policy was substantially liberalized. In this paper, the pre‐1990s regime is first briefly described. Thereafter, the economic policy reforms that impinged most directly on the trade sector are set forth, and the response of exports and imports to those changes is outlined. Exports have grown rapidly, from about 5% of the gross domestic product to around 15%, and they continue to grow at an average annual rate of 20%. Improved performance of the trade sector has been a major contributing factor to India's dramatically accelerated growth performance. A final section of this paper assesses the current situation, and sets forth the major policy challenges that will need to be met if that performance is to be sustained, if not improved upon.     

The New View of Minerals and Economic Growth*

Resource economists have long been fascinated by the relationship between minerals and economic growth. This interest has historically been based in pan on the concern that mineral resources may someday constrain world economic growth, or worse, force a painful reduction in the living standards of the industrialized countries In recent years, however, a very different view of minerals and economic growth has emerged. This new view maintains that economic growth has over the last decade or two become ‘uncoupled’ or independent of minerals and other primary products. Economic growth no longer requires an increase in mineral consumption, and no longer stimulates the demand for metals and other mineral commodities. The new view offers an explanation for the stagnation in metal and mineral consumption since the early 1970s, and presumably was fostered by the depressed conditions of mineral markets over the past decade. An examination of the forces behind the stagnation, however, suggests that the new view is only partially correct Sectoral shifts, the rise of high technology products within manufacturing, resource-saving technology, and material substitution have together caused intensity-of-use trends to deteriorate. As a result, metal consumption can now remain constant or even decline at the same time the economy is expanding, if rate of economic expansion is less than the rate of decline in intensity-of-use. While the relationship between minerals and economic growth has changed in recent years, the two are not independent Faster economic growth requires and stimulates faster growth (or a slower decline) in mineral consumption. This finding has implications for both the short- and long-run behaviour of metal and mineral markets.     

论信息化活动的管理

1信息化活动管理的重要性人类社会的活动,无论是企业活动还是政府活动,以及其他各种有组织的活动,都离不开管理。即使如老子所说的那样“无为而治”,似乎不要管理,其实也是一种特殊的管理理念或管理方式。管理可能是有效的,也可能是无效的,但为了提高活动的效率和降低活动的成本,以及给活动创造机遇,不能没有管理。信息化活动是人类社会活动的重要组成部分。它出现在工业化过程的中、后期,并以信息技术(IT)或信息通信技术(ICT)的推广应用、信息资源(IR)的开发利用,以及IT与IR相互结合、共同发挥作用为特征。信息化活动有两种存在方式:…     

网络经济下信息欺诈现象的经济学分析

信息欺诈问题是制约网络经济发展的重要瓶颈,网络经营者向消费者传递虚假信息导致消费者受到损失是亟待解决的问题.应从经济学的角度通过静态博弈模型对网络经济中信息传递的真伪选择进行分析,并对如何减少虚假信息的发布提出解决对策.     

泡沫经济与房地产业经济信息管理的内在关联

政府管理层对我国房地产业提出泡沫警示则是出于管理概念的需要,是否已处于泡沫状态,应看房地产业界和理论界对泡沫的实际度量.房地产市场适度的投机活动在经济学意义上不仅可以增加市场的流动性,而且可以通过投机,为宏观管理发现并提供市场真实价格和均衡价格,为社会资源配置效率等提供经济管理信息.     

Port Efficiency and Trade Flows*

Growing international trade and increasing congestion focus attention on trade facilitation. Ocean ports are a central and necessary component in facilitating trade. Yet, there is only limited comprehensive information available on the efficiency of ports or evidence of the effect of port efficiency on trade. We develop and apply a straightforward approach to estimate port efficiency. The approach uses detailed data on US imports and associated import costs, yielding estimates across ports, products, and time. These measures are incorporated into a gravity trade model where we estimate that improved port efficiency significantly increases trade volumes.     

Stratified or Comprehensive? The Economic Efficiency of School Design

We study the efficiency of secondary school design by focusing on the degree of differentiation between vocational and general education. Using a simple model of endogenous job composition, we analyze the interaction between relative demand and relative supply of skills and characterize efficient school design when the government runs schools and cares about total net output. We show that neither a comprehensive nor a stratified system unambiguously dominates the other system in terms of efficiency for all possibile values of the underlying parameters. Since comprehensive systems generate more equal labour market outcomes, it follows that the relationship between efficiency and equity in secondary education is not necessarily a trade off.