The Warwick way: A case study of entrepreneurship within a university context

The University of Warwick perceives itself as an innovative and entrepreneririal organization, and has a reputation as such amongst institutions of higher education within the UK. The Conservative Government of Mrs. Thatcher has since 1979 applied steadily increasing pressure on the British system of higher education for it to be more flexible, responsive and business-minded, with less dependency on public funding. The result has been a turbulent and challenging environment for the quasi-public sector universities, with a premium being placed on their ability to manage change. At the time ofwriting, Warwick appears to have operated successfully within this new climate, both to its benefit and to that of its local industrial district. The airticle examines the factors which facilitate and stimulate innovative and entrepreneurial activity amongst the Warwick academic community - factors which will become increasingly important if the university world .is to adapt with flexibility, responsiveness and imagination to the changing and increasingly demanding economic and governmental climate now prevailing not only in the USA and the UK, but also in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Nigeria.     

90后心理特点与农科院校互动式创业教育

90后已经是中国高校大学生群体的主体,90后的心理特点要求农科院校大学生创业教育向互动式教学转变,而且互动式教学的问题选择、教学内容和模式、关键支撑条件情感因素的利用等方面都需要优化。     

Product diversification and attitudes toward risk in agricultural production

In this article we analyze the relationship between risk-avoidance behavior and economic jointness in a multi-output agricultural technology. We focus on farmer specific heterogeneity in attitudes towards risk-taking, while treating production uncertainty as unobserved stochastic error that is common to all region specific farms. We furthermore utilize a new flexible functional form, the Constant Elasticity of Transformation, Constant Elasticity of Substitution, Generalized Leontief (Behrman, Lovell, Pollak, and Sickles, [1992]) which has the appealing property of relative flexibility while ensuring proper curvature properties of the estimated multi-output technology over a larger sample region of the price/quantity space than a flexible form such as the Generalized Leontief [Diewert, 1971].Our empirical study deals with small-scale agriculture in the Indian Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT), partly because of the importance of yield-related risk in this region, but also because we have measures of farmer specific risk attitudes in the SAT data. Our modeling approach allows for the calculation of the shadow cost of farmer specific risk attitudes in terms of foregone profits, while at the same time controlliing for the technical factors that give rise to multi-output production in the absence of risk. We are thus able to estimate these opportunity costs while modeling a multiple output technology in which cost complementarities can lead to diversified production and in which joint production is not always undertaken.     

“多元化折价”还是“多元化溢价”——研究方法与现有结论

在国外有关企业多元化的研究中,验证多元化对企业经营绩效影响的文献占有非常重要的地位。文章建立了一种更为开阔的视野,旨在对这部分文献进行全面系统的回顾和评述,以期对中国企业经营战略选择以及国内有关企业多元化的研究提供借鉴。首先总结了多元化和企业经营绩效的主要度量方法,然后按照时间顺序将有关多元化对企业经营绩效影响的文献分为三个阶段,并分别对每个阶段的基本研究方法和主要结论进行了分析和评论。     

Historicizing the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship: The case of the ethnic Chinese in Bangkok

This paper aims to come to a better understanding of the meaning of ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship for second- and third-generation ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Bangkok, Thailand. Research on ethnic Chinese entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia typically investigates the dominance, attributed to specific ‘Chinese’ cultural values and strong intra-ethnic networks, of the ethnic Chinese in business and entrepreneurship. Our research among second- and third-generations shows an inclination of the interviewees to emphasize the irrelevance of their ‘ethnic’ Chinese background in entrepreneurship. To understand the meanings of the expressed irrelevance, we argue that it is constructive to incorporate a historical/generational approach of the ethnic group (migration history, nationalism) and of the business (social organization) into the study of ethnic entrepreneurship. The contribution to ethnic entrepreneurship research is threefold. Firstly, we show how a generational lens provides a more nuanced understanding of the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship. Secondly, we show how incorporating the historical context helps to position business conduct in the social/societal experiences of entrepreneurs. Finally, our case study of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Thailand brings an Asian perspective to ethnic entrepreneurship debates that generally concern European and North American research studies and thus hopes to inspire future comparative research.     

我国大学生创业教育问题及其对策探讨

我国创业教育始于20世纪90年代末,存在着创业教育体系不完善,创业教育课程体系不灵活、创业文化氛围不浓等问题,政府、学校、社会共同合作要营造良好的大学生创业环境、完善创业课程体系和扶持政策、培养创业导师等来加强大学创业教育。     

Interference of Local Government, Industrial Concentrative Rate and Corporate Diversification

This paper studies the effects of internal and external environments on the strategic decision-making of diversification using the cross-sectional data of China＇s 1 033 non-financial listed companies in Shenzhen and Shanghai Exchange. Corporate external-environment is substituted by index of marketization and market concentrative rate, and internal-environment is substituted by governance framework and financial status. The multi-regression analysis shows that the strategic decision-making of diversification is prominently affected by external factors such as index of marketization and market concentrative rate, and is significantly negative related to the proportion of state-owned shares and corporate shares. There is no correlation between diversification and whether directors hold concurrently, or manager compensation, cash flow, and debt ratio.     

构建创业实践体系,提高创业实践质量

高等学校积极构建创业实践体系,是培养高水平创新创业型人才的关键。本文提出了一个中心、一个平台,个性辅导与批量创业相结合,校、院、系三级创业指导网络的模式,以指导学生创业实践活动。     

关于哈尔滨市大学生创业相关问题的调查与分析——以哈尔滨金融学院为例

为了解哈尔滨金融学院创业教育的发展情况与具体实施现状,通过问卷调查的形式广泛搜集与整理哈尔滨金融学院创业教育的相关信息,并加以分析。     

老年创业成长模型与特征分析——基于多案例研究

为探究老年群体的创业特征,本文基于条件-过程-结果的全纳视角,采用多案例研究方法,挖掘老年创业成长的条件、过程和结果要素,构建老年创业成长模型,并基于已有文献,对比分析老年创业群体相较于中青年群体的差异。研究结果表明,在条件要素中,老年创业动机呈现\"拔高型\"特征,已有经验属于\"知识经验双丰型\",并具有\"人脉密储蓄少\"的资源禀赋特征。在过程要素中,创业机会识别具有\"内部性\",产品定位倾向\"价值先行\",缺乏金融支持,是\"亲友反对型\"创业,创业后遭遇\"失落\"的心理障碍。在结果要素中,倾向于获得\"精神型\"满足。     

基于实践、创新的大学生创业教育价值研究

针对目前就业形式的现状,我国各个高校相继提出高校创业教育模式,本文分析了目前国内各高校的创业教育模式现状,借鉴了国外先进经验,构建了一个以实践、创新为特色的创业教育培养模式,即"专业实践技能、创业实践技能,创业创新素质"为一体的创业型人才培养模式。     

Latent and Actual Entrepreneurship in Europe and the US: Some Recent Developments

This paper uses 2004 survey data from the 15 old EU member states and the US to explain country differences in latent and actual entrepreneurship. Other than demographic variables such as gender, age and education, the set of covariates includes the perception by respondents of administrative complexities, of availability of financial support and of risk tolerance as well as country-specific effects. A comparison is made with results using a similar survey in 2000. While a majority of the surveyed population identifies lack of financial support as an obstacle to starting a new business, the role of this variable in both latent and actual entrepreneurship appears to be even more counterintuitive in 2004 than in 2000: it has no impact on actual entrepreneurship and is positively related to latent entrepreneurship. Administrative complexities, also perceived as an obstacle by a large majority of the population, have the expected negative impact both for latent and actual entrepreneurship in both years. Country-specific effects are important both for latent and actual entrepreneurship and the comparison of 2000 and 2004 results suggests that, once all other factors are controlled for, an improvement in actual entrepreneurship in the EU relative to the US has taken place in the last four years. However, in terms of unweighted averages actual entrepreneurship remained about the same. Latent entrepreneurship dropped while this drop seems to have occurred evenly in the US and the EU member states.