我国信用债违约问题及对策研究

近年来,我国信用债违约事件不断出现,从利息违约到本金违约,从私募债违约到公募债违约,几乎涵盖了所有的信用债品种.违约事件频发背后,反映出我国信用债市场违约风险分担和市场化处置机制不完善、监管与信息披露机制不足、信用评级机构评级质量不高等问题.本文深入剖析了信用债违约背后所呈现出的共性特征,并对信用债违约风险防范方面存在...     

信用债违约现状、国际经验及应对

当前债券市场信用债违约现状 2020年信用债市场违约情况 自2014年"11超日债"爆发信用风险事件以来,我国债券市场的违约事件逐渐增多,违约金额不断攀升,债券违约已渐趋常态化.据Wind数据整理,截至2020年12月15日,我国债券市场有60家企业、132只债券发生违约,新增违约金额达1341.20亿元.整体看来,在...     

基于集成算法的信用债违约预测模型及其影响因素研究

本文选取2014—2021年的信用债作为研究对象，以单一算法（逻辑回归、高斯朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机和伯努利朴素贝叶斯）分别构建Bagging和Stacking集成学习模型，并将其与单一算法以及传统方法（KMV模型）进行对比，探讨如何提高信用债违约预测精度，证明Bagging集成算法的可靠性，还通过SHAP可解释算法研究信用债违约中的重要指标。实证结果显示，四种单一机器学习模型在预测准确率上优于传统KMV模型；进一步对机器学习模型进行集成，发现同质集成算法在提高预测性能方面不如异质集成算法，且Bagging异质集成算法的预测准确率优于Stacking异质集成算法。将性能最好的Bagging异质集成算法与SHAP可解释算法结合，得到对识别信用债违约具有重要价值的9个指标，分别是违约前债项评级、违约前主体评级、交易所、净资产收益率、债券类型、企业性质、财务费用、总资产增长率以及第一大股东持股比例，关键指标的识别对信用债违约预测具有指导意义。     

短债长用、外部监督与信用债违约

近年来,企业债券市场快速发展的同时,信用债违约事件不断增多。本文利用2014~2020年的信用债券数据,采用离散时间风险模型等方法,系统考察了短债长用对企业信用债违约的影响。研究发现:短债长用显著提高了企业信用债的违约概率,在替换变量和估计方法,并考虑内生性问题后,结果依然稳健。进一步,考察外部监督的作用发现,企业上市、外部审计以及信用评级等外部监督机制,均可有效降低短债长用对信用债违约风险的影响,尤其是审计意见的作用最大。本文对防范企业信用债违约具有参考意义,并为化解信用债违约风险提供了思路。     

我国信用债违约处置的主要问题及路径

自"超日债"违约以来,我国信用债违约处置机制建设不断完善,但仍有一些不足,如交易环节流转不畅、投资者保护力度不足和处置机制单一等问题较为突出,特别是违约信用债无法市场化流转,成为市场关注的重点。在此背景下,有必要深入分析目前我国信用债违约的处置情况,剖析当前信用债违约处置的问题。在信用债违约风险的化解中,应尽快强化制度约束,推出市场化流转机制,加强风险管控,以实现保护投资者和发行人的双重目的。     

信用利差相关因素的分解探析

信用利差通常指同期限的信用债与国债收益率之间的差值。早期的研究把信用利差单纯地解释为信用债违约风险的补偿,并通过信用利差的变化推断企业违约概率的大小。不过后来的研究发现,信用利差实际上大大高于违约损失,并由此衍生出一系列对于信用利差的解释方式。从市场的实际情况也可以看出,有些财务状况更好的企业反而需要承受更高的信用利差,而即使是相同评级的债券,信用利差的差距也可能相当之大。     

公司信用债违约风险预警与防范研究

我国债券规模位居世界第二,债券市场已成为企业直接融资的主要渠道;同时我国公司信用债违约频发,违约主体几乎涵盖了全部行业,永煤AAA债券违约事件引发各方关注。在此背景下,本文研究了信用债违约风险预警与防范,搭建了债券违约预警模型:一是深入分析了违约原因,提出了"经济下行加剧‘债务-通缩’""流动性分层导致再融资困难""民企互保引发违约风险串联"的观点;二是基于KLR信号分析法,以历史违约主体财报数据为基础构建了上市公司债违约预警模型,抽离出相关指标权重构成预警指标体系,并进行了实证检验;三是基于预警模型,提出加强动态监测、构建债券风险分类管理办法等政策建议。     

国企债券密集违约,市场建设任重道远

2020年,"逃废债"一词在时隔多年后再次成为经济金融领域热点,背后是以债券违约为代表的信用风险事件频发.自2014年发生信用债违约事件以来,我国债券违约走出了"规模化、常态化"趋势,特别是2018年以来,违约债券的规模及其占信用债存量比重同时呈现高位上涨态势.违约债券的主体也出现显著变化,国有企业信用债密集违约"接棒...     

至暗时刻,房企债务重组或破产重整,五大法律风险提示

本文将从房地产企业的境内融资、境外美元债、内部资金安排、债务清偿顺位等方面,提示存在的法律风险及解决建议。随着房地产行业调控政策不断加码、融资政策不断收紧及“三道红线”的监管,加之新冠疫情的冲击,以高杠杆、高周转、高负债模式运行的房地产企业面临巨大的现金流压力,债务违约风险凸显。2021年以来,多家房地产企业陷入债务危机,面临债务重组或破产重整的生死关头。本文将从房地产企业的境内融资、境外美元债、内部资金安排、债务清偿顺位等方面,提示存在的法律风险及解决建议。     

至暗时刻,房企债务重组或破产重整,五大法律风险提示

本文将从房地产企业的境内融资、境外美元债、内部资金安排、债务清偿顺位等方面,提示存在的法律风险及解决建议。随着房地产行业调控政策不断加码、融资政策不断收紧及“三道红线”的监管,加之新冠疫情的冲击,以高杠杆、高周转、高负债模式运行的房地产企业面临巨大的现金流压力,债务违约风险凸显。2021年以来,多家房地产企业陷入债务危机,面临债务重组或破产重整的生死关头。本文将从房地产企业的境内融资、境外美元债、内部资金安排、债务清偿顺位等方面,提示存在的法律风险及解决建议。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.